Criminal Justice Essay

To run across late-day policing in America it is necessary to downstairsstand its antecedents we will gain a give intelligence of this history by smell at its three eras. The police, said, are to corking extent, the prisoners of the past. Day-to-day practices are influenced by late ingrained traditions. A nonher reason for analyzing diachronic developwork forcets and cuts is that several discrete legacies have been transmitters to newfangled police agencies. In view of the pregnant historical impact on modern policing, it is necessary to turn guts the measure to about A.D.900. Therefore, we begin with a legal brief history of the evolution of four simple out fairness umpire placementrssheriff, police constable, medical examiner, and jurist of the sleepfrom previous(predicate) England to the twentieth vitamin C in America (Ken, 2006). English and Colonial Officers the honor All four of the primary criminal justice officials of early English-the sheriff, const able, coroner, and justice of the two-eyed violet at that place was a lack of open up practice in the United State. Accordingly, it is master(prenominal) to have a basic understanding of these statuss, including their early travels in England and, later on, in America. followers is a brief discussion of all(prenominal) (Ken, 2006). SheriffThe word sheriff is derived from the term shire reeveshire convey county and reeve meaning agent of the king. The shire reeve appeared in English before the Norman achievement of 1066. His job was to maintain rectitude and companionship in the tithing. They followed a brand of English common police, although the sheriff was never a habitual officer in England and since the nineteenth centennial sheriff has had no police roles. When the office began, the sheriff support the king in fiscal, military and juridic affairs and was referred to as the kings steward. The sheriffs principal duties were to enforce laws, befool taxes and ov ersee chooseions.CONSTABLE Like the sheriff, the constable can be trace brook to Anglo-Saxon times. The office began during the reign of Edward I when every parish or township had a constable. As the county police officer turns to a greater extent and more(prenominal) to matter of defense, the constable only when act felons focusing in later the ancient custom of citizens rising aloud noisy and joining in inquisition of criminals lapsed into disuse. During the middle Ages there was tho on high degree of specialization. The constable had a variety of duties including find outing taxes, inadvertence high expressions, and serving as magistrate. The office in brief became subject to election and was conferrer upon local men of prominence however, the creation of the wearing outdoor(a) grinding down office of the justice of the public security around 1200 quickly changed this trend forever soon the constable was curb to making arrests only with warrants issued by a justice of the peace.As a result, the office deprived of social and civic prestigiousness was no longer attractive. It carried on remuneration and the duties were much dangerous. In addition there was heavy attrition in the office, so the constables term was extra to one year in an assay attract officeholders in 1856 Parliament exclusively discarded the office The office of constable experienced a similar litigate of disintegration in the colonies However, the American constables commonly two in to each one town were give control over the shadow watch. By the 1930s, State constitution in twenty-one states provided for the office of constable scarcely constable still received no pay and like their British colleagues they enjoyed microscopic prestige or popularity after the early 1930s. The position fell into disfavor generally because most constables were untrained and was believe to be wholly inadequate as officials of the law (Ken, 2006).CORONER The office coroner is more di fficult to describe. It has been use to fulfill umteen an(prenominal) divers(prenominal) roles throughout its history and has steadily changed over the centuries. There is no cartel concerning the date when the coroner first appeared in England provided there is consensus that the office was surgery by the end of the twelfth century. From the beginning, the coroner was elect his duties included oversight of the interests of the crown, not only in criminal matters but also in fiscal matters as well. In felony cases, the corner could conduct a preliminary hearing and the sheriff often came to the coroners court to preside over the coroners jury. The coroners inquest provided another mean of power and prestige, determine the cause of death and the party accountable for it. Initially coroner was elect for life. before long becoming unhappy with the absence of remuneration however, eventually they were give right to tending fees for their work (Ken 2006).As was true of sheriffs and constables at first the office of the coroner in America was only slightly different from what it had been in England. The office was slow in gaining recognition in America, as the sheriffs and justice of the peace were already performing umpteen of the coroners duties. By 1933, the coroner was recognizing as a separate office in two-thirds of the states. tenure was generally limited to two years. By and then however, the office had been stripe of many of its original functions especially its fiscal roles. In many states, the coroner legally served as sheriff when the elected sheriff was disabled or indispose however, since the early part of the twentieth century the coroner has performed a single function determining the cause of all deaths by violence or under untrusting circumstances. The coroner or her assistant is stick out to determine the causes and effects of wounds, lesions, contusions, fractures, poisons, and more. The coroners inquest resembles a grand jury at which the coroner serves as a variant of presiding magistrate (ken, 2006).JUSTICE OF THE PEACE The justice of the peace (JP) can be trace back as far as 1195 in England. By 1264, the customs paces, or conservator of the peace, nominated by the king for each county, presided over criminal trials. Early JPs were fuddled landholders. They allowed constables to make arrests by issuing then warrants. Over time, this practice removed power from constables and sheriffs. By the sixteenth century, the office came under criticism because of the people holding it. Officeholders were often referral to as boobies and scum of the each. The only efficacy necessary was being a moneyed landowner who was able to buy his way into office. By the early twentieth century, England had abolished the property-holding emergency and many of the medieval functions of JPs office were remove. Thereafter the office possessed all-encompassing but strictly criminal legal power with on jurisdiction whatsoever in courtly cases.This contrasts with the American system, which gives JPs limited jurisdiction in both criminal and civil cases. The JPs Office in the colonies was a unadorned change from the position, as it existed in England. JPs was elect to office and given jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases. By 1930, the office had constitutional status in all of the states. JPs have long been allows to collect fees for their services. As in England, it is typically not necessary to hold a law degree or to have pursued legal studies in order to be a JP in the United States. perhaps the most colorful justice of the peace was Roy loft, popularized in film as the repair peace officer in a 35,000-square-mile area west of the Pecos River near Langtry Texas. Bean was knows to hold court in his shack where signs hung on the porch proclaimed, Justice Roy Bean, Notary Public, Law West of the Pecos. and Beer Saloon. Cold beer and the law doubtless shared many quarters on the Western Fr ontier (Ken, 2006).