The Storm Of Change Brought From Globalizaion Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The era of globalization has brought about a storm of change that has overturned almost every aspect of business and trade. It has affected every industry, every sector, every nation and every economy, giving rise to the concept of the world being a global village, where there are no boundaries. With the advent of globalization, there is a need amongst the investors to expand their horizons beyond their local security markets. Indian Depository Receipts, or IDRs, are a result of this phenomenon. It is a rupee-denominated, derivative financial instrument that allows foreign firms to raise capital in India. The need for international diversification of an investors portfolio has driven the formation of this financial instrument. The rising economy of India is making India an irresistible investment playfield for investors throughout the world. Although IDR is not very different from other financial instruments, it has its own set of merits and de-merits. It allows firms to broaden and diversify their investor base, thereby promoting a global image for the firm. Although its American counterpart American Depository Receipt (ADR) has been there since the 1920s, IDR is relatively young, being born in 2004, and even then it was widely unpopular due to the rigid conditions RBI had put on the applicant firms. It was only after the changes made in the ruling in 2007 that the concept of IDRs gained momentum , with Standard Chartered becoming the first firm ever to apply for registration of IDR issues in April 2010. A lot remains to be seen about the future of IDRs and the role they play in the Indian Economy. This paper gives the reader a simplified insight into the inner workings of IDRs, what they are; how they are issued, their pros and cons for both individual investors as well as institutional investors; all of this minus the superfluous and baffling technical jargon. Section 2 deals with defining what IDRs are and why they are needed, while section 3 deals with the history of IDRs. Section 4 deals with a brief overview of the whole process of issuing and registering for issuance of IDRs. Section 5 deals with the advantages and disadvantages of IDRs and section 6 deals with a comparison of IDR with its American counterpart. Section 7 provides an insight into the Standard Chartered story: the first ever firm to register for an IDR issue. Lastly section 8 deals with the fut ure prospects of IDRs, what it can do for investors and the Indian Economy. Section 9 and 10 provide the conclusion and references respectively. 2. Indian Depository Receipts As per the definition given in the Companies (Issue of Indian Depository Receipts) Rules, 2004, an Indian Depository Receipt is defined as: A rupee-denominated instrument in the form of a depository receipt created by a Domestic Depository (custodian of securities registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India) against the underlying equity of issuing company to enable foreign companies to raise funds from the Indian securities Markets. The concept and the need for IDRs can be best understood with an example. Say, Mr A, an Indian investor, wants to invest money in AutoNation, a US company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The traditional method for investing would be to contact a broker of NYSE and deal with him. But it is not as simple as it sounds. Mr. A will have to face a lot of obstacles such as unstable settlements, fluctuating currency conversions, unfamiliar market regulations, unreliable information channels and perplexing tax conventions and interna l investment policies. All of these are more than enough to put even the most experienced investors off their game, which defeats the whole point of them investing in foreign markets in the first place. What IDRs do, is allow people like you and me (assuming both of us are blind as a bat when it comes to finance) to invest in foreign companies and diversify our portfolio, without the aforementioned hassles. When a foreign company, like AutoNation, wants Indian investors (like Mr. A) to raise money, it will use Indian Depository Receipts (IDR). An IDR will represent underlying shares of AutoNation, but will be denominated in Indian currency. Just like the shareholder of a regular equity, Mr. A will own a part of AutoNation, and will be entitled to dividends, rights issues and other such payouts that AutoNation issues. The basic purpose behind IDRs is to achieve Cross listing. A foreign company will have the primary listing on its domestic exchange (like NYSE or LSE) while it s listing on the NSE or BSE will be secondary. An IDR has to be listed on Indian stock exchanges (like BSE and the NSE), and can be traded like regular equity shares. It allows people to invest in foreign companies without trying to scrutinize every intricacy of the trading laws and practices in that country. Also, since it is rupee-denominated, there are no hassles regarding currency conversions and fluctuating rupee values. 3. The IDR Issue Process The idea of IDRs was conceived by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs as early as 1997, via the Company Bill. But the actual amendments happened in the form of section 605A of Companies Act. In 2002, a draft of IDR rules was declared and changes were made after citing expert opinions. This finally became the Companies (Indian Depository Receipts) Rules, 2004. The regulatory body for IDRs is SEBI (Securities Exchange Board of India), which issues the guidelines for applicant companies and specifies the eligibility requirements. The model listing agreement (this is the agreement the foreign company is supposed to get into with the exchange where the IDRs will be listed) for IDRs can be found on the SEBI website for all interested parties. 3.1 Eligibility Criteria for Foreign Issuers The eligibility criteria for the foreign companies who want to issue IDRs were somewhat stiff earlier, which was the main reason behind IDRs being unpopular. But in July 2007, substantial steps were taken towards encouraging investments in IDR. Making the selection criteria more lenient was the first step towards this. The revised eligibility criteria are defined as: a. The foreign company should have PreÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ issue paidÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ up capital and free reserves of at least US$ 50 million and have a minimum average market capitalization (during the last 3 years) in its parent country of at least US$ 100 million b. It should have a continuous trading record on a stock exchange in its parent country for at least three immediately preceding years c. It should have a track record of distributable profits for at least three out of preceding five years d. The underlying shares shall not exceed 25 percent of the post issue number of equity shares of the company. CONCLUSION The internationalization of stock markets due to globalization has driven a large number of countries (both developed and developing) to unbolt their stock markets to foreign investors and to relax their previously stringent laws restricting their citizens from investing abroad. Indian markets are taking a dynamic role in this transmutation through IDRs. Undoubtedly, India has enough depth in its security markets to attract sizeable investor interest for IDRs. But problems like an unfavourable, stringent regulatory environment, difficulty in accessing markets, fungibility issues, instability of policies, etc., provided substantial hindrances to the growth of IDRs in India. Certain positive steps by SEBI like the amendment of the previous regulations and a decision to reserve almost 30 % issues for retail investors has made IDRs catch attention of global giants. It has started with Standard Chartered Bank getting a green light to Rs 50 billion through an IDR issue in 2010. It will be interesting to see if this will be an indication towards other foreign companies entering the IDR market. FURTHER READINGS Gordon J. Alexander et al., Asset Pricing and Dual Listing on Foreign Capital Markets: A Note Ernst Young Doing Business in India Tax and Business Guide 2005 Agarwal, R. N., 2000, Financial Integration and Capital Markets in Developing Countries: A Study of Growth, Volatility and Efficiency in the Indian Capital Market, mimeo, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi Garbade, K. D. and Silber, W. L., 1979, Dominant and Satellite Markets: A Study of Dually Traded Securities, Review of Economics and Statistics Grubel, H., 1968, Internationally Diversified Portfolio: Welfare Gains and Capital Flows, American Economic Review Howe, J. S. and Madura, J., 1990, The Impact of International Listings on Risk: The Implications for Capital Market Integration, Journal of Banking and Finance Jayaraman, N ., Shastri, K., and Tandon, K., 1993, The Impact of International Cross Listings on Risk and Return, Journal of Banking and Finance Kumar, M. and Saudagaran, S. M., 2001, The Impact of International Listings on Liquidity: Evidence from the Indian Stock Market, Fifth Capital Markets Conference 2001 Patil, R. H., 1994, Capital Market Developments, The Journal of the Indian Institute of Bankers Shah, A., 1995, The Tale of One Market Inefficiency: Abnormal Returns around GDR Issues by Indian Firms, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Hansda, Sanjay K. and Ray, Partha, 2002, BSE and Nasdaq: Globalisation, Information Technology and Stock Prices, Economic and Political Weekly Wall Street Journal, 1996.Special report on global investing. Heston, S L and K G Rowenhorst. 1994. Does Industrial structure explain the benefits of International diversification, Journal of Financial Economics ONLINE REFERENCES www.rbi.org.in www.gdr.in www.standardchartered.co.in https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ https://www.business-standard.com/ www.thehindubusinessline.com www.bankingupdate.com www.mca.gov.in www.ficci.com https://banking.indlaw.com/

The Views On Gay Marriage - 2081 Words

Many individuals throughout the world are being discriminated against or physically abused based on their sexual orientation, and because they don’t fit the â€Å"norm† of everyday people. Gay individuals are looked at with hatred from various cultures, and right now they are struggling for the right to legally marry, regardless of what other people’s views. Partner is a term people use for homosexual couples, instead of using wife or husband. Many citizens of America view homosexuals in either scientific terms, or a biblical/stereotypical perspective. These two varying points make gay marriage a controversial topic, which is discussed among thousands of different people everyday. When viewing the two sides, it can be difficult choice to choose which one is more logical, but in this paper, all sides will be reviewed with evidence from different sources. Looking at the scientific outlook of this topic, these thinkers view homosexuals with love and respect, and most who support this cause are activists for many other important issues. The three crucial stances activists fight for go as follows; It is not a choice for Gay people to decide their sexual orientation, traditional marriage has already been redefined by societal change, and being homosexual is a natural occurrence in nature. On the other hand, there are people who oppose all three standpoints. This is the religious side of the subject, which goes off biblical preachings. They feel God sees homosexuals as anShow MoreRelatedThe Views On Gay Marriage3556 Words   |  15 Pages Gay Marriage Tailor Chrisman University of Cincinnati Abstract This paper explores the differing views on homosexual same-sex marriages coming from the views of our governments as opposed to religious groups’ views. It goes into detail to see which religions are opposed, which support and which have no official position on the topic of gay marriage. It also takes into account how the state governments have opposed and supported the legalization of same-sex marriage over the course ofRead MoreHow My View on Gay Marriage Changed902 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"How My View on Gay Marriage Changed† At the time, gay marriage is a steaming hot topic of discussion in the United States. The right of marriage between man and man or woman and woman is one of the most controversial debates in the history of America. On several locations around the globe, fore an example in europe, gay marriage is a legal act. But should homosexuals have the same rights as â€Å"normal† people when it comes to marriage? A lot of different reasons why gays should not be able to getRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Two Views of Gay Marriage601 Words   |  3 Pagestoday is gay marriages. Many believe that the media is primly responsible for the idea of same-sex marriages, but when it all comes down to it there are really only two sides; those who support gay marriages, and those who oppose them. Two authors write their opinions on their opposite views on this issue. Sullivan (2002) supports same-sex marriages and believes marriage to be a universal right, not just restricted to heterosex uals. Contrary to Sullivan, Bennett (2002) believes that marriage is aRead More Comparing Two Views of Gay Marriage Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesIn their works â€Å"Let Gays Marry,† by Andrew Sullivan and â€Å"Leave Marriage Alone,† by William Bennett, they both talk about the subject of same sex marriages. They both believe that marriage is based off of tradition. However, they debate on if these marriages should be allowed and if they are proper. Sullivan goes on to prove he believes same sex marriages are proper because traditionally it is based off of the principle of love. Bennett proves his point by saying that the conventional ways areRead More Comparing Two Views of Gay Marriage in America Essay764 Words   |  4 Pages Marriage, by definition, is the institution whereby men and women are joined in a special kind of social and legal dependence for the purpose of founding and maintaining a family. In today’s society however, things are changing. People of all genders are forming bonds with one another, and homosexuals are vying for the right to have their love established as marriage as well. Should men and men, and women and women, be allowed the right of marriage just like heterosexual couples in AmericaRead MoreCompare and Contrast Two Views of Gay Marriage Essay815 Words   |  4 PagesSullivan had written supporting gay marriage in America. Bennett started out by first issuing two key points as to what divides the proponents and opponents of same-sex marriages. The two articles are derived from Sibylle Gruber’s Constructing Others: Constructing Ourselves edition. Bennett notions that legalizing same-sex marriage would weaken the meaning of it and outlines what the basic co ncept of marriage is. Throughout the article Bennett argues why same-sex marriage should not be legalized byRead More Views on Gay Marriage in Anna Quindlin’s Essay Evan’s Two Moms1164 Words   |  5 PagesComtemporary Arguments. This essay takes a liberal point of view concerning gay marriage and the ability to raise a child in a gay family. Throughout Quindlen’s essay, her structure introduces ethos, pathos and logos through a variety of court cases to gain the readers trust; she appeals to both emotion and logic in her reader through passion and unwavering intensity, which disapproves of those who take a radical point of view about gay marriage. Anna Quindlen’s structure of â€Å"Evan’s Two Moms† providesRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1144 Words   |  5 PagesGay Marriage There are many issues the revolve around same-sex marriage. Many issues like: Whether same-sex should be legalized and should there be an amendment on same-sex marriage? There are multiple side to view this, but gay marriage but in my opinion gay marriage is socially accepted. it should be legal and it does affect American teens in a broad spectrum of ways. There have been a lot of issues on whether or not same-sex marriage should be legal or not. According to Burns, â€Å" The unionRead MoreLove Is Love By Cartoon Arts International Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesJune 26th, 2015, same-sex couples gained the right to marry in all fifty states (Kenneth, â€Å"Gay Rights†). As this news spread, some were displeased, some were overjoyed, and some were somewhere in the middle. The wide range of views on this topic made it easy to be turned into a satire. A comic by Cartoon Arts International shows a man complaining to his wife that same-sex marriage is hurting heterosexual marriage, in which the wife retaliates and makes a comment about divorcing him because of his statedRead MoreEssay on Gay marriage827 Words   |  4 Pages Critical Review - Gay Marriage â€Å"Unnatural† Sheldon L, 1996, Gay Marriage â€Å"Unnatural†, USA Today, USA. Homosexual marriage is one of the old but controversial issues around the world. Compared to the past, it seems to become a more open debate among people. At the same time, people seem to be more swayable than before, but towards the gay marriage, different voices have still been hovering in the air. Gay people and their supporters have been striving for their rights to get married legally, while

Poets Explore the Theme of Death in Educating for Leisure,...

Structural techniques play a huge role in many poems due to the fact that structure sometimes reflects what is happening in the poem. This can clearly be seen with all the poems, in â€Å"Remember† and â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night† a strict, tight and ridged structure and this helps reinforce the meaning that the poets are trying to portray. With â€Å"Do not go gentle† the structure of the poem in some respects contrasts what is actually happening with Dylan Thomas, with father dying; his head is all over the place but the structure is tight and strict. Villanelles are very traditional strict structures and the message that is portrayed through â€Å"Do not go gentle† contrasts it as it is an untraditional message. In addition to this the†¦show more content†¦Even though it is not evident we could interpret that the mother in the poem is becoming hysterical and agitated and due to the fact that her she needs to â€Å"Carefully par t it†. This is because the child is, as we find out later on, is dying. As for the readers, they are anxious due to the fact that Chinua Achebe slowly â€Å"drip feeds† information to the reader allowing many different interpretations and events to evolve in the readers mind. As for â€Å"E for L† the lack of strict and ridged structure and the quick evolution of the structure in some aspects mimic the thought process of the character within the poem. The character within the poem is psychotic and his mind is â€Å"all over the place† j, on top of that his killing tendencies and his thirst for murder quickly evolves from a fly to a goldfish to a human just like structure quickly evolves. This lack of strict poetic â€Å"structure allows for the poet to get the readers full attention and for them to grasp the reader and get their message about death across in the most effective way possible. Finally In â€Å"The man he killed† and â€Å"Havishamâ⠂¬ Ã¢â‚¬  a cyclical structure is used and this helps reinforce the meaning that the poet is trying to portray. With â€Å"The man he killed† the structure reinforces the dilemma that the character is facing as he has killed a man; his head is all over the place but the structure is tight and traditional and this can be seen with the ABAB rhyme scheme. In addition to this the poemShow MoreRelatedHow do the Poets Explore the Theme of Death in Educating for Leisure, Mother in a Refugee Camp, Do not go Gentle into that Good Night, Remember, T...822 Words   |  4 PagesLanguage plays a crucial role in helping a poet get his point across and this can be seen used be all the poems to help them explore the theme of death with the reader. This includes the formal, brutal and emotive language that Chinua Achebe uses in â€Å"mother in a refugee camp.† This can be seen when Achebe says, â€Å"The air was heavy with odor of diarrhea, of unwashed children with washed out ribs † this is very brutal and the is no holding back with the use of a euphemism or a simile as seen in the otherRead MoreHow do the Poets Explore the Theme of Death in Educating for Leisure, Mother in a Refugee Camp, Do not go Gentle into that Good Night, Remember, T...812 Words   |  4 Pagesbe seen with â€Å"mother in a refugee camp† as the poem overall has a very hopeless and harsh tone and this can be seen when the narrator of the poem say, â€Å"She soon would have to forget† in the context that the death of the child is inevitable and they are hopeless as they cannot defy destiny. This is also harsh as the poet does not cover up death with euphemisms but is very straight forward saying that there is no other choice other than to forget. When it comes to describing the mother it becomes aRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change. 163893 Words   |  656 PagesSolidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress

Smith s Animal Works Of Art From Broken Electronics And...

A number of modern day artists are transforming common, everyday trash into notable works of art. Sayaka Ganz hopes to reduce waste through creative use of discarded objects. Paul Villinski collects discarded beer cans from New York streets and transforms them into cross-cultural symbols of rebirth. Ann P. Smith creates animal works of art from broken electronics and machine parts. However, the concept that lies behind all these artists’ work is nothing new. Jesus has been practicing the exact same kind of artistry for thousands of years. During one of his Sabbath-day synagogue visits, the Pharisees confronted Jesus with a man with a withered hand and challenged him about whether it was acceptable to heal such a man on the Sabbath. For Jesus the answer was painfully obvious: He said to them, â€Å"Which one of you who has a sheep, if it falls into a pit on the Sabbath, will not take hold of it and lift it out? Of how much more value is a man than a sheep! So it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath.† Then he said to the man, â€Å"Stretch out your hand.† And the man stretched it out, and it was restored, healthy like the other. Matthew 12:11-12 Like a modern-day upcycling artist, Jesus restored this man’s useless, withered hand to make it productive and healthy. However, such healings are only one form of Jesus’ artistic work. While the events concerning this crippled man are recorded by Matthew, Mark, and Luke, Matthew connects them with Old Testament prophecies concerning theShow MoreRelatedThe CIA Essay2840 Words   |  12 Pagesforeign printed material available to the public, using aircraft with cameras, and using satellites to take pictures. The CIA works mostly by espionage, which is the act of spying on a country, organization, movement, or person. Using this method, the CIA evaluates and interprets information from its agents and researchers. It uses a lot of technical devices such as electronic eavesdropping equipment and also performs counterespionage. This prevents the theft of secret information and detects theRead MoreAnalysis of the Music Industry30024 Words   |  121 Pagescharacteristics (Wikipedia), but it is undeniably a `vibrant artform (Arts Council England) and one which touches more people, in more ways, than any other art form. In commercial terms, music certainly generates a higher market value than the other arts, although a comprehensive market size for music in all its manifestations is impossible to calculate. Key Note has put a value of  £3.03bn on consumer spending on music in 2005, derived from three sectors: recorded music (which accounts for the bulk ofRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Read MoreOperational Management36687 Words   |  147 PagesPOINTS NOTIONAL LEARNING TUTOR SUPPORT : : : : MBA Year 1 20 points 200 hours over 1 semester opman@mancosa.co.za Copyright  © 2013 MANAGEMENT COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA All rights reserved; no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying machines, without the written permission of the publisher REF: OPS 2013 Operations Management TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Operations and Productivity OperationsRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesThe case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I V E Nucor in 2005 C A S E S I X News Corp in 2005: Consolidating the DirecTV acquisition C A S E S E V E N Shanghai Volkswagen: ImplementingRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesprinted on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permissionRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesMorin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any formRead MoreThe Effects of Advertising on Children33281 Words   |  134 Pagesresearch on the influence of television advertising directed to children Prepared for ACMA by Dr Jeffrey E. Brand May 2007  © Commonwealth of Australia 2007 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Manager, Communications/Media, Australian Communications and Media AuthorityRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of production to the point of consumption.Read MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 PagesTHE FREE PRESS A Division of Simon Schuster Inc. 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 Copyright  © 1998 by Henry Mintzberg, Ltd., Bruce Ahlstrand, and Joseph Lampel All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. THE FREE PRESS and colophon are trademarks of Simon Schuster Inc. Designed by Carla Bolte Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Permissions acknowledgments appear on pages 393-395. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

Analysis Of The Poem Salvage The Teeth Essay - 1429 Words

Salvage the Future Realism coupled with imaginative storytelling is Jesymn Ward’s Salvage the Bones. Ward illuminated the struggle of poverty in a way that would pull at the reader, enticing them to question how and why this epidemic still exists in modern-day America. Just like a hurricane unapologetically rips through homes, leaving people without food, shelter, and a hope to survive, so does poverty. However, there is an innate resilience in those who find a way to endure, despite the unpredictable present and future. This novel gives its reader a bleak reminder of those forgotten; those who reside on the outskirts of our consciousness. Ward implores the reader to question their own consciousness concerning poverty by welcoming them into Esch’s, one filled with quiet turmoil, deep thought and apparent struggle. These raw and authentic characters express that this novel is not mere fiction. Although the future of Esch is unknown, it is Ward’s intention for the reader to see her i n our own realities catalyzing question, concern and action in heart and mind. She invites the reader to take both a microscopic and macroscopic look at the epidemic of poverty whose symptoms cannot be treated without being mindful of those who are directly afflicted. A child that grows up in poverty maintains a world-view set apart from others. Their economic disadvantage forces them face reality and the responsibility quickly and obtrusively, giving no time for personal discovery. This novelShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Allen Ginsbergs Howl2630 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Howl Allen Ginsburg Introduction Why is this poem so fascinating to scholars, students, and others in America, even today fifty-six years after it was published? Indeed it remains of interest because this poem was part of the literary movement that put the Beat Generation on the map, and it also demonstrated, †¦in a seismic way, that social change could be driven by literature, Amiri Baraka and colleagues explain in The American Poetry Review. The poem broke form, and challenged cultural and moral

Community College free essay sample

You go to school at a community college? It must be so easy since it is not a real college/university! † They say that community college is a lot worse than a four-year college or university. They say only slackers go to community colleges so they barely have to do any type of work. They say professors are terrible and do not know what they are doing at all. They say that anyone who goes to a community college will not get a good job in the future. They may say all of these and more, but have the people saying this ever attended a community college before? Probably not! There are advantages and disadvantages, but every college or university has them. It only takes one person to go around telling others how bad community college is. Who ever does receive this information could easily believe what they have heard. Not only believe it, but also pass it along to many others. We will write a custom essay sample on Community College or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Everything that is said or done becomes a chain most of the time. Everyone has their own opinions, but to criticize somewhere, something, or someone without knowing the facts is not the way to go. Since some people do not take the time to look at the facts, it is my turn to tell the truth about community colleges. Keep in mind that each advantages and disadvantage that I mention can be different from anyone’s point of view. Some main advantages: Community colleges are cheap, therefore a great way to try and save some money. Each class has no more than thirty students in it. Most professors also teach at great universities. There are many different clubs and programs to get involved in, if you would like. It is a great way to bring up a bad grade point average. Some four-year institutes have transfer agreements with community colleges. Going to a community college for two years doesn’t set you back at all or have any kind of penalties. Some main disadvantages: Students have to commute because there are no dorms on campus. Can have some problems with transferring credits, depending on the school you are transferring to. The libraries are smaller, but there are always public libraries if they are needed. Can have fewer classes or course choice because it is a smaller campus with a smaller population than a four-year institute. From experience, community college is definitely not easy. I know for a fact I do just as much work as my friends who go to big time universities. Each one of my professors knows exactly what they are doing. None of my professors take it easy just because we are at a community college. That is not an excuse for anyone to use. Living at home can be a great thing or a bad thing. All depends on how you use the time when you are not in class. By attending a community college for the first two years, it saves so much money. If you also have a job it is even better, because you are saving money in two different ways. Each person has different reasons for going to a community college. I wanted to save money so I have fewer loans to pay off in the future. I like earning my money so I work when I am not at school. Working helps my parents out a lot because I never ask for money. I never thought I would have liked the â€Å"college scene,† but when I went to visit my best friends over spring break, I changed my mind really fast. I also wanted to bring my grade point average up as high as possible so I can get into a really good nursing school. My number one reason for starting off at a community college was because my cousin/Goddaughter was born a couple days after my high school graduation. Therefore, in my situation, community college was the perfect choice for now. It is great to be home sometimes, but I make sure I always keep myself busy. With school, work, and babysitting that is barely ever a problem.

Social Learning Theory And The Explanation Of Crime

Question: Describe about the Social Learning Theory And The Explanation Of Crime ? Answer: System Theory Concept Systems theory is a branch of psychology that studies the behavior of human and the experience of the human being in the complex systems. It is an integrated approaches that using the techniques of renowned psychologists. The theory explores the patterns of the human experiences. The focus of the theory is to identify the motivational, cognitive and the group behavioral patterns of clients (Cao, 2011). The systems theory is applicable in case of families, communities and couples. The technique follows the identification of the patterns of behavior and the ways in which the members respond to the anxiety that exist in the environment. The individual develops an understanding of the various techniques and the transform their patterns of behavior. This make the individual more adaptive and productive (Cao, 2011). Ecological perspective Human ecology theory is context related to the Ecological system theory that identifies the environmental system. An individual interact with this environmental system. The ecological model rests on an evolutionary, adaptive outlook of human in constant communication with their environment (Falque, 2006).In biology, adjustment occurs when a human being keenly communicated with their environment to make certain a goodness-of-fit. Strengths and weaknesses of systems theory Strengths Systems theory involves an effective problem solving technique. The individuals can become more adaptive via treatment using the systems concept. The individual tend to become effective leaders. The individuals become more effective planners. The Founders Syndrome can be avoided by application of the systems theory (Kurtines, Gewirtz Lamb, 2014). Weaknesses Systems Theory cannot apply the specific tools and techniques that are required by the individuals for resolving their issues. The systems theory is often criticised to be too vague and abstract. It is not able to solve the practical issues. Systems theory with social work values The system theory develops the thinking of the human beings where they are able to recognize the right and wrong between the two choices. According to this theory the human state of mind is studied. This theory deals with the human behavior towards the other and with the environment (Hertlein, 2010). Human are completely responsible for their behavior to the others and environment. In this theory the how and why the human behavior varies, is defined. Example of systems theorys application Systems Theory assists the people in their process of solving problems. The social workers often evaluate the way in which the parent takes care of their children. The social workers expect that parent must abide by certain norms which includes providing the young with shelter, food, proper education and medical care (Cao, 2011). Describe Psychodynamic theory Psychodynamic theory is the term which deals with the consciousness and unconsciousness forces. It is an approach where human deals with the conscious and unconscious state of minds (Flores, 2007) Sigmund Freud, in the early 20th century anticipated a psychodynamic theory according to the theory proposed by Freud personality consists of instincts and pleasure, ego and superego. In the theory of Psychodynamic theory it is stated that the personality is shaped and developed by the experiences of childhood. The past experience help individual to handle the situation which they have experience in their childhood. In other words it can also be defined as behavior is motivated by the internal psychological forces (Levy, Ehrenthal, Yeomans Caligor, 2014) And imbalance in this can also result in abnormality.According to Freud unresolved conscious conflicts can also result in mental illness. Many of the psychologists and critics not accepted this theory due to the lack scientific evidences. Other theories of personality include behavioral and humanist theories. Strengths and weaknesses Strengths are discussed below: These childhood experiences help in developing personality of individual Include both nature and nurture into account. This helps in emphasizing on the both experiences of childhood as well as nature. It recognizes that there is a subconscious and it has a large impact on the behavior. Recognize the Psychodynamic theorys importance and its treatment Weaknesses are discussed below: Assumptions cannot be measured or proved wrong Psychodynamic approach is deterministic in nature. Persons dont have free will as it is pre- determined Ignores the biological components of psychology. Inaccessible to humans Difficult to research because of unsupported ideas Consistency with social work values This theory is applied socially everywhere to maintain the consistency of social work values. The childhood experience of an individual reflects in their future. This theory explains the development of the persons mental condition (Wilbur Scott, 2013) The view or opinion of a person depends on the past experiences that affect the nature and nurture of the human. Their consciousness and unconsciousness of mind is deeply affected in the childhood and these affect the personality of person. Application to social work practice It is an attempt to activate the strength of human personality. It also affects the resources of the environment to enhance the opportunities to individual to develop more personality of there. Social Learning Theory As propounded by Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory is a combination of cognitive learning theory and behavioral learning theory. The two theories were have four requirements of learning: attention (environmental), motor reproduction (cognitive), motivation (both) and retention (cognitive). He stresses that humans are cognitive beings. The behavior is not shaped by immediate consequences. The observational theory results from behavior of other people. Children acquire responses and interests without even teaching them. A famous experiment was conducted by Bandura in which children were observed as adults for a violent r passive behavior towards a doll. Children observing violent behavior in their observations behaved violently towards the doll (Akers Jensen, 2007). Strengths and weaknesses The social learning theory has much strength in evaluation. Bandura confirmed that children do not copy aggression. Human have the ability to store what they observe around them. This theory helps in handling inconsistencies in a childs behavior. Acts of aggression such as shooting, homicide, murder, suicide was linked with violent games and TV shows. The theory is less reductionist and deterministic than an approach to behavior . The weaknesses are explained below: It does not explain the reason why children do not copy the games or TV shows they watch. It does not explain abstract idea learning such as fairness, ethics and moral justice. Some people have an aggressive nature and do not acquire by others behaviors. It does not concentrate on explaining the internal process how the behavior is reproduced. Consistency with social work values Social learning theory holds a value in changing lives for people related to criminology, management of children and parents, violence in the society. A large number of cases are passed over from one generation to another. The social context is influenced by explaining spcialization and development of self (Darity, 2008). Application to social work practice Work with groups- The social learning theory has been applied to serving people with alcohol or drug abuse, prisoners, youth with behavioral problems etc. A combination of tasks is conducted by helping groups that has increased competency by helping each other. Practical tasks are tried by social work practice in groups of class or children to change their bullying behavior. Work with families- Treatment programs may be directed for social work practice by educating how to learn and use methods. The PMT or Parent management Training is used by social workers. There may be an interaction conducted for focusing on problems between children and their parents (Inderbitzin, Bates Gainey, 2013). Moral Development Theory As propounded by a Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, there are different stages of moral development. Later in the year 1958, Lawrence Kohlberg agreed with the principle of moral development but added his ideas further. It holds moral reasoning, ethical behavior, identifiable developmental stages and moral dilemmas. It has three levels and six stages: Pre-conventional (Obedience and Punishment; Self-interest orientation), conventional (Interpersonal accord and conformity; Authority and social order maintenance) and Post-conventional (Social contract and universal ethical principles) (Killen Smetana, 2006). Strengths and Weaknesses The strengths of moral development theory are- Reasoning behind judgment is focused that gives a greater insight for moral development. Educational benefit is provided. The theory raised evidence for moral reasoning The weaknesses of the theory are as follows: The theory lacks validity. The theory is mainly focused on men. There is emphasis on justice while other values are excluded The theory is not culturally neutral and dilemmas are artificial in nature. Consistency with social work values The approach stresses the importance of educator by presenting moral dilemmas for discussion. There is exposure in social environment and moral reasoning. The moral thought of one stage is presented. The level of moral reasoning in the society is justified. The situations of moral conflict that are not resolved properly, has a chance to develop more complex ways if it is not resolute. The personal values and opinions in a society are related. The ethical universal principles are consistent and comprehensive in nature. The dilemma was used in Heinz when it stole drug in Europe (Winch, 2002). Application to social work practice A great influence is raised upon children, philosophers, parents and religious leaders. The orientation is punishment or obedience based. The children see rules as fixed. Children obey rules as they want to avoid punishment. The teens conform to others. There is an attitude for social contract, principle, good boy attitude among children. The people consider society as a whole for making judgment. There is emphasis laid on dignity of all human beings. There is orientation by people towards maintaining authority and social order. There is loyalty, gratitude and justice in the society. The children tend to say if the action is morally right or not. A policeman refuses bribe as he believes it is his duty to maintain order. The judgment of people may violate laws and rules when a person is attached to his principles of justice (Kurtines, Gewirtz Lamb, 2014). Concepts of the family Wholeness Family system organizes them to follow their daily tasks and challenges in their life. Whole family is responsible for the entire requirement in the family on daily basis. The complete is accountable to handle the situation in the family. Or it can be also said that the individual in the family is support for each other in the family (Sakai et al., 2006). These values and ethics are accepted by whole family to understand the law of environment and of family. Interdependence Interdependence is the term where the individual member of the family is independent to carry out their tasks and live an independent life without any interference in their life by anyone even of their own family. Here individual are responsible for the accepting the values laws of nature. Structure The structure of the family is that how the family organize themselves into different small subsystem by comprising these small subsystems a larger family system can be formed. These small subsystems can be formed either by gender or generation. All the subsystem is indirectly involved in the individual subsystem. Adaptability of family is defined as the flexibility of family accepting the values of the environment and the family. How adaptable they are it only proved by the flexibility of the family in adopting the rules and the values of own as well as system. References: Akers, R., Jensen, G. (2007).Social Learning Theory And The Explanation Of Crime. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Cao, Y. (2011). Investigating situational willingness to communicate within second language classrooms from an ecological perspective.System,39(4), 468-479. doi:10.1016/j.system.2011.10.016 Darity, W. (2008).International encyclopedia of the social sciences. Detroit, Mich.: Macmillan Reference USA. Falque, J. (2006). Capturing Total System of Systems Costs Using SEER-H with Total System Vision (TSV) and SEER-SEM: An Example Application.INCOSE International Symposium,16(1), 1749-1764. doi:10.1002/j.2334-5837.2006.tb02848.x Flores, P. (2007).Group psychotherapy with addicted populations. New York: Haworth Press. Inderbitzin, M., Bates, K., Gainey, R. (2013).Deviance and social control. Los Angeles: SAGE. Killen, M., Smetana, J. (2006).Handbook of moral development. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Kurtines, W., Gewirtz, J., Lamb, J. (2014).Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Levy, K., Ehrenthal, J., Yeomans, F., Caligor, E. (2014). The Efficacy of Psychotherapy: Focus on Psychodynamic Psychotherapy as an Example.Psychodynamic Psychiatry,42(3), 377-421. doi:10.1521/pdps.2014.42.3.377 Mcleod, P., Kettner-Polley, R. (2004). Contributions of Psychodynamic Theories to Understanding Small Groups.Small Group Research,35(3), 333-361. doi:10.1177/1046496404264973 New, R., Cochran, M. (2007).Early childhood education. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. Thyer, B. (2008).Comprehensive Handbook of Social Work and Social Welfare. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Wilbur, G., Scott, R. (2013). Inside Out, Outside In: Power and Culture in a Learning Community.Multicultural Perspectives,15(3), 158-164. doi:10.1080/15210960.2013.809306 Winch, C. (2002).The philosophy of human learning. London: Routledge. Hertlein, K. (2010). Family Therapy: Concepts, Process, and Practice.Journal Of Family Theory Review,2(4), 426-428. doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00072.x Sakai, Y., Moriyama, K., Okuno, T., Miyakoshi, H., Kitajima, S., Yamamoto, K. et al. (2006). Th-P15:121 Development and application of a new assay system for apolipoprotein B-48 (Apo B-48): Apo B-48 level may be a useful marker of coronary heart disease.Atherosclerosis Supplements,7(3), 519. doi:10.1016/s1567-5688(06)82081-7