Birth control essay Essay

Birth control has come a long way since the introduction of the birth control pill. There are now more than a dozen methods to choose from.The most common ones could be condoms and birth control pills.Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, but none of those methods can be 100% safe,except for abstinence.None having sex with another person is the only way to be 100%effective of birth control. A condom is a barrier method commonly used during sexual intercourse to reduce the probability of pregnancy. As a method of birth control, condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, having few side effects, and offering protection against sexually transmitted diseases. When used consistently and correctly with every act of sexual intercourse, male condoms can prevent pregnancy and STDs, including HIV/ AIDS. They are safe, and have no hormonal side-effects. They are very easy to find and use without seeing a healthcare provider first. Condoms do have some disadvantages too. Latex condoms may cause itching for a few people who are allergic to latex and/or lubricants. There is still a small possibility that a condom will slip off during sex. Some people are too embarrassed to buy, ask a partner to use, put on, take off, or throw away condoms.And condoms don’t make u feel good. Birth control pills provide highly reliable contraceptive protection, exceeding 99%. Even when imperfect use is considered, the BCPs are still very effective in preventing pregnancy. Birth control pills cause menstrual cycles to occur regularly and predictably. This is especially helpful for women with periods that come too often or too infrequently. Birth control pills can improve acne as well. For moderate to severe acne, which other medications can’t cure, birth control pills may be prescribed.But birth control pills have disadvantages. Women taking birth control pills usually have a small increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Headaches may start in women who have not previously had headaches, or can get worse in those who do. Some women should not take pills if they have specific health conditions, including some types of diabetes, liver disease.Plus, The pill costs more than condoms. People are abstinent for many reasons, including to prevent pregnancy.And it is definitely the easiest,safest and the most convenient way to prevent pregnancy. People can choose abstinence to prevent STDs, wait until they’re ready for a sexual relationship, focus  on school, career, or extracurricular activities. Sexual relationships present risks. Abstinence is a very good way to postpone taking those risks until you are better able to handle them. There are few disadvantages to abstinence as well.People may find it difficult to abstain for long periods of time and may end their period of abstinence without being prepared to protect themselves against pregnancy or infection.And there is often pressure from your partner or friends to have sex.lt is hard to control yourself particularly in the moment. If you really want to prevent pregnancy,the best way is obviously abstinence. lt is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Therefore, It’s the best protection and the only guarantee. Abstinence is a good way to really get to know your boyfriend or girlfriend without the complications of sex.After knowing each other really well,if you really want to have sex with your boyfriend.l suggest you to use birth control pills,because they are safer even though they are much more expensive.But l don’t think that you want to risk on preventing pregnancy.If you can’t even afford the birth control pills,you are absolutely not ready to have a kid.But although birth control pills are 98.7% effective,there is still risk to get pregnant.So no method is completely safe except for abstinence.You have to consider carefully before you become sexually active.Don’t do anything that would make yourself regret.We are all responsible for ourselves! Shirly Zhou Per.3

5 Ps of Logistics

Logistics Careers ShareThis Distribution and logistics encompasses a vast industry, from manufacturing, transportation, wholesale and retail, healthcare, pharmaceutical and warehousing industries. In any firm, in any city or state logistic careers are numerous. The demand for getting things on time is logistics and distributions main goal. There are plenty of workers involved in this operation. There are drivers, fork lift operator, sorter, packers, haulers, supervisors, managers,  clerks; traffic, receiving and shipping. In 2010, there are more than 800,000 workers employed in logistics.The US military is also one of the largest employers especially in cities where there are military installations. This article will briefly describer the most common logistics jobs  in the industry. Shipping, traffic, and receiving  clerks  are the most numerous  logistics careers. Their responsibility is to make sure they keep the smooth flow of goods from place to another. They unpack and pack items for storage and delivery, and carry out clerical functions altogether. They also maintain precise records of good coming in our going out of the distribution centers or warehouse.Manufacturing, wholesale, and retail industries are the most common workplaces of the traffic, receiving, and shipping clerks. They receive the items from the suppliers and ship the goods to the customers. In larger companies receiving, shipping and traffic clerks are performed independently. In smaller firms, all three functions are carried out by one person only. Logistics careers  like the shipping clerk are responsible for shipping the goods from the warehouse to the customers. The check the items carefully that is retrieved from the warehouse or stockroom and makes sure the list are in order for each customer.If the items or goods are not available, he or she alerts the customers by phone fax or email. The items are then packed and checked again for shipping. The items and parcels are wei ghed and then recorded, labelled, and include other documents such as freight cost, invoice and receipts. They also supervise the loading of merchandise on delivery trucks ready for delivery. The receiving clerk on the other hand works much like the shipping clerks. They receive the goods delivered and check it carefully to see if the items delivered are correct and in good shape.They check the items delivered against the order form and invoice. If the receiving clerk finds the items damaged or lost, he or she immediately notifies the shipping firm to compensate for the damaged or lost goods. The receiving clerk is responsible for moving the goods from the delivery truck on to the stock room or warehouse. The maintain records of the items received for later checking. Receiving clerks also use bar coding to track the items accurately. This makes it easier for inventory clerk to keep track of the items present in the warehouse.The receiving clerk may use software for the job. Computer training is also important for many firms for streamlining the operations. The traffic clerks are responsible for maintaining the shipping records. They are responsible also for recording the items’ freight charges, weight, and destination of the goods. They use software to track changes on freight charges against the current prices in their database. They also keep records of damaged goods fro claims purposes or reimbursements for overpriced charges during shipping. These are the three most common  logistic careers  in distribution.A  high school diploma  is required for logistic careers as shippers, receivers, and traffic clerks. Basic knowledge of computer operation training is also part of the job training. Shippers, receivers, and traffic clerks should be well built for the job because it involves a lot of lifting and walking all day. Most of the training is received on the job such as labeling, bar-coding, encoding, maintaining records, shipping, and receiving items. The annual average salaries for shippers, traffic, and receivers range from $40,000 and $45,000 dollars. These salaries depend much on the size of the company.Larger companies’ salary is much higher. Just because you already got the job that you are eyeing for doesn’t mean you have to stop networking. In fact, when you start in your new job you need to start networking because you’re going to be judged early so if you want to be judged as someone who wants to make things happen, introduce yourself to your coworkers to increase your visibility without appearing pompous. You can find more logistic job listings by visiting LogisticsCrossing. com and signing up for a risk free trial today to find jobs that are just right for you!If you become a  medical file clerk, you will be a part of a very important function in the health care field. In this position, you are required to take charge of medical documents that are very important. A lot of medical file cle rks are also in charge of a variety of other clerical duties are required to possess clerical skills that are needed to be performed in the office. Function As a medical file clerk, you are required to maintain patient medical records and have them organized alphabetically and numerically. You will also have to clear out old files and materials in the office.It is important that they keep all files updated. They are also required to ensure that all files are filled out thoroughly. Geography Medical file clerks  work within different settings, including hospitals, government agencies, labs, private physician practices and nursing homes. Considerations In order to become a medical file clerk, you will have to have a  high school diploma. It is also required that you have office and computer experience. You must have good people skills and communication skills. You will have to be organized and like the idea of helping others.Time management is another skill set employers look for. Expert Insight The average annual salaries of medical  file clerks  was $23,800 back in 2008. The salaries available all depend on where you live, who you are employed by and your experience and educational background. | | | | | | | | | | | SUMMARY Logistics careers means distribution and logistics encompasses a vast industry, from manufacturing, transportation, wholesale and retail, healthcare, pharmaceutical and warehousing industries. In any firm, in any city or state logistic careers are numerous.Logistics management  is an important part of the business operation where the flow and storage of goods is carefully planned, implemented and controlled. This helps it to be efficient and effective. Other services and other important information are related between the starting point and the point of consumption to meet the personal and legal requirements of the client. Thus  logistics manager jobs  and  logistics analyst job  opportunities are very important and in-dema nd nowadays. If you will only take your time to search, you can find a lot of  logistics manager  vacancies if you only know where to find them.There are plenty of workers involved in this operation. There are drivers, fork lift operator, sorter, packers, haulers, supervisors, managers, clerk, and traffic, receiving and shipping. In 2010, there are more than 800,000 workers employed in logistics. If you become a  medical file clerk, you will be a part of a very important function in the health care field. In this position, you are required to take charge of medical documents that are very important. A lot of medical file clerks are also in charge of a variety of other clerical duties are required to possess clerical skills that are needed to be performed in the office.This article will briefly describer the most common logistic job  in the industry. Other than that, logistics careers like the shipping clerk are responsible for shipping the goods from the warehouse to the cus tomers. The check the items carefully that is retrieved from the warehouse or stockroom and makes sure the list are in order for each customer. If the items or goods are not available, he or she alerts the customers by phone fax or email. The items are then packed and checked again for shipping. The items and parcels are weighed and then recorded, labelled, and include other documents such as freight cost, invoice and receipts.They also supervise the loading of merchandise on delivery trucks ready for delivery. Besides that, a  high school diploma  is required for logistic careers as shippers, receivers, and traffic clerks. Basic knowledge of computer operation training is also part of the job training. Shippers, receivers, and traffic clerks should be well built for the job because it involves a lot of lifting and walking all day. Most of the training is received on the job such as labelling, bar-coding, encoding, maintaining records, shipping, and receiving items. Make sure to understand the job descriptions for the different vacancies.Logistics manager jobs,  also called distribution managers, oversee or supervise the distribution, transportation and storage of goods and services and ensure that the customers, whether it is suppliers or consumers are satisfied. They are in charge of everything that is happening in between the manufacturer or producer and consumer. This includes the acquisition of materials, production, and transportation up until distribution to the customers themselves. Logistics analyst  jobs deal with the planning and coordination of  logistics operations  of a company.They have to study and analyze operations such as acquisition of raw materials, distribution and packaging of products and the handling of products by personnel. Just because you already got the job that you are eyeing for doesn’t mean you have to stop networking. In fact, when you start in your new job you need to start networking because you’re going to be judged early so if you want to be judged as someone who wants to make things happen, introduce yourself to your co-workers to increase your visibility without appearing pompous.

Health care reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Health care reform - Essay Example ch, a national level database of all the people could be handled allowing doctors to provide treatment for the patients without considering the insurance procedures. (Mirmirani, 2010) Such a centralized system eliminates the need for the patient to enter details about their health history and as a result, it allows them to save time and prevents them from doing any fraudulent activities. Also, a collection of such data would enable the medical researchers and developers to identify the common symptoms more effectively and develop treatments that might abolish the occurrence of those common diseases. (ABC News, 2010) Although there is a possibility for the insurance providers to easily get to know of the medical history of the patient and deny any insurance coverage to them, there is the backing of the government to provide the coverage. So, overall it saves the time of both the patients and the doctors in providing treatment and at the same time ensuring that there is integrity in providing such service. To collect the medical history and details of each citizen in the US and to organize them is a tedious process to conceive. Although information can be brought from already insured people, the need to organize them for easy access and retrieval makes it a big overhead. Once the system goes live, there is every possibility for people to lose out jobs in insurance industries and health care organizations. It would be a complex process for the government to reallocate those people to some other jobs. Once people go out of jobs, it would be harder for the government to maintain the stability of the economy. The current scenario is not presenting a good future for the economic situation of the country and such a system would increase the pressure on the country to maintain its supremacy. (Balanced Politics.org, 2010) With free insurance coverage being provided for the people, there is every possibility for the people to take advantage of such schemes and be more

A Critical Analysis of the Husbands' Authoritarian Perception About Research Paper

A Critical Analysis of the Husbands' Authoritarian Perception About Their Wives as Babies Incapable of Walking the Path of Life - Research Paper Example These authors attempt to propound that the social institutions of marriage and family are structured in such a patriarchal manner that these institutions themselves advocates for the husbands’ superiority perpetuating the inferiority and subservience of the wives. In such patriarchy-shaped institution, even the most passionate relationship allows little scopes for the women to have their ‘say’, since male-lust and carnal hungers remain disguised under the facades of love and passion. Both Gilman and Chopin’s are loved, and then toyed as a petulant baby that is capable of nothing, but of creating childish nuisance for their husbands. Both Desiree’s and the protagonist of Gilman’s story husbands appear to be authoritarian patriarchal figures that strictly exert their restrictive authority over their wives. The slight difference between Armand’s (Desiree’s husband) and John’s (Jane’s husband) authorities is that wherea s John’s sincere restriction imposed upon Jane pushes her towards horrible psychological transformation, Armand abandons Desiree considering her as a sex-machine that has failed to produce his desired result. Like most other feminists in the 19th Century Gilman attempts to dig up the root of patriarchy built in the familiar structure of the social institution of family. Indeed Gilman has challenged this patriarchal attitude towards women as a child with psychological deficits. Thrailkill Fagan Jane notes that Gilman’s story originates in her own experience as he says, â€Å"the real purpose of the story was to reach Dr. S. Weir Mitchell [Gilman’s husband], and convince him of the error of his ways† (47). In the very first place she has put the traditional husband-wife relationship in the conventional marital institution, into question, which is commonly acknowledged as healthy and hailed as the safest place for women after their marriage. In the story, Gi lman propounds that a type of superiority complex of the patriarchal authority of the male dominated society lies in there beneath this apparently universal aspect of a husband’s love or care for his wife. Scrutinizing John’s (a proper noun denoting commonly the male counterpart of a marital bond) caring activities from a woman’s perspective, she rather vindicates that women like Jane are not active and equal participants in the love-game with their husbands like John. In most cases, women are no match for their male counterparts in this husband-wife love game. Rather they are considered as the most delicate, the weakest, the most fragile and incapable of walking through the path of life on their own; therefore like a baby, they are to be tended delicately, to be cosseted and pampered by their husbands. Gilman further shows that such love and care of a husband, indeed, linger a woman’s inferiority in her household by delaying her maturity. In cases it det eriorates a woman’s psychological condition often pushing her to the verge of insanity. But in the â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† Chopin has approached towards the traditional concept of love and passion between a husband and a wife from a different angle. For her, the terms â€Å"love† and â€Å"passion† are ultimately the productions, of patriarchy, which are intended to keep the male-lust and male-desire under the mask of euphemism. In the traditional husband-wife relationship, love is ultimately means of male exploitation. (Wolff 45-46) But this love, the mask of male-lust, gets dissolved when confronted with major choices of life. First Armand

One page essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One page - Essay Example At this point in the discussion, the representative’s tone of voice began to change from friendly and professional to impatient and irritated. The representative stated, â€Å"We are virtually the same as all other national Best Western locations†, which indicated to me that the representative had grown tired of describing the room and its features. Playing on this perceived irritation, I proceeded to ask about the different pricing for all different types of suites. I was swiftly informed that I would likely be better served by visiting the franchise website which maintained a virtual and interactive view of the room and then decide whether I wanted to make a booking online. Having not received the pricing information I had requested, the discussion ended abruptly when I agreed to visit the website. La Quinta, however, gave me a list of prices for all available room types and entertained conversation about all of the different amenities offered. This representative informed me, very politely, that there were only four rooms left and that it might be a good idea to make a final decision due to a convention occurring during my stay. Never once in the discussion did the representative of La Quinta exhibit any perceived sign of impatience, anger or unprofessionalism. Clearly, La Quinta maintained a more customer-oriented reservation system. The representative at Best Western seemed to be under the assumption that most customers were well-familiar with the Best Western brand and could not understand the depth of my questioning. La Quinta’s amenities are more pronounced than that of Best Western, offering better business traveler discounts and full-serving breakfasts unlike the more budget-conscious Best Western I had chosen. It seemed as though La Quinta understood the importance of building brand loyalty through service and had trained their representatives to be helpful, patient, and empathetic to traveler needs. The Best Western

Career planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Career planning - Essay Example I am majoring in accounting with my previous major being computer science, which means that I am endowed with strong and extensive computer skills and problem solving abilities. Upon graduation at the end of this year, I intend to seek employment with a public accounting firm within a period of one year. This will help boost and advance my accounting knowledge and skills. Now, I want to develop a formidable base with regard to my experience through exposure to a comprehensive range of business fields. I want to acquire focused expertise in accounting, but at the same time maintain career flexibility so that I am not inclined to pursue only a single career line. Attaining these short-term objectives will act as a stepping stone and will guide me towards attaining my long-term ambitions. Work location and remuneration will not be an impediment to my quest to gain skill and experience. In the short-term, I would like to continue working for the public accounting firm. I will attend a graduate school as a pert time student while working. As I work and concurrently attend school, I hope that my skills and experience will greatly be enhanced, and the achievement of my short-term goals will then propel me to the next level of my career. I intend to sit for and pass CPA exams in five years. Furthering my education and experience will give me a competitive advantage. In the long-term, I intend to keep on climbing the corporate ladder, and later work for the company as an accountant. It is my desire to conclude my professional career by retiring on a peak note. I also intend to sit for and pass the CFA exams. This will provide me with a wide choice of career options. I would like to a long, comfortable and illustrious career life, and thereafter a simple post employment retirement life. I will obtain immense satisfaction from knowing that I touched people’s lives and

Food processing and nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Food processing and nutrition - Essay Example The research paper â€Å"Food processing and nutrition† describes the methods of food processing and modern methods of preservation as a great benefit for proper nutrition. Food processing is a method by which raw ingredients are changed into food by either using chemical or physical means. Food can also be changed into other various forms through processing. The importance of food processing is to produce food forms that can be easily marketed and consumed by human. The process involves methods such as emulsification, liquefaction, mincing, pasteurisation, macerating, cooking, pickling and many more. Food packaging and preservation usually follow the processing. Preservation methods include but are not limited to freezing, drying and other chemical means. Food processing and preservation has been found to have a number of importance and impact in the human health. The benefits of food processing and preservation are widely known. These include improvement of nutritional value and flavor. It also lengthens the duration of food. However, some negative impacts are also discussed in this paper. Food processing and preservation has uncountable benefits. They include removal of harmful germs, easy transportation, easy digestion, increased flavor, easy to cook and many others. Since the arrival of this technology, human beings have been enjoying and appreciating all the aforementioned benefits. The food preservation has just sealed food security by ensuring there is a consistence supply.

Culture anthropolgy on Aborigines of australia Essay

Culture anthropolgy on Aborigines of australia - Essay Example The first Aboriginals are believed to have arrived in this unique and isolated piece of land some 50,000 years ago, when they migrated from the South Pole as the sea levels generally fell and the last Ice Age saw its end. Experts believe that the race then traveled on canoes and rafts across the ocean in search of a peaceful land (Barnard, 1996). The activities of aboriginals of the area remained secret and restricted to its own lands, until outsiders from around the world intruded their territories for political, economical, and anthropological purposes. Before the invasion of the British into Australia, (first invasion 1788), about 200 years ago, there were about 300,000 inhabitants living in the area, which constituted of 500 tribes using 200 distinct languages amongst each other, of which most of them are found extinct now; with each dialect defining each tribe that occupied a definite area in the continent. Whereas, lands owned by no tribal form were left arid and unoccupied, under the title of ‘no man’s land.’ (Bartlett, 2002). Though the Aboriginals vary abundantly from their appearance due to the diversity seen between their groups; however, some of the common features that all of them share are their dark brown skin with wavy hair, developed onto slender bodies which are erect showing their hardworking capabilities. Anthropologists believe that variations in their appearances are due to their migrations at different points of time in history. Whereas some critics to this opinion believe in ‘homogeneity’ of the aboriginals, whereas any variations in them might be due to variation in diet and the environment they lived in, while as a whole, they lived in isolation from rest of the world (Ashley, 2009). This paper discusses the isolation of the Aborigines of Australia form the rest of the world; as when development and technology were taking the world up by storm, they remained a loaf of this

Health Delivery Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Health Delivery Systems - Essay Example 54). Even though the mainstream of the community within both the United Kingdom and United States show discontent regarding their healthcare systems, a larger percentage of the British inhabitants believe their structure works better, and a lesser percentage think the structure has to be reconstructed entirely, than within the United States. More or less 51 million Americans below 65 years of age need health indemnity cover, and a lot more US nationals - in comparison with UK nationals - report that the fee of health care is an obstacle in accessing. In a survey that incorporated Britain as well as the United States, Britain’s performance was unsurpassed in providing health care that was reasonable, although waiting periods for cure were the longest (Jonas et al, 2007, p. 78). A research on the quality of health care within various nations found the United States’ performance is comparatively better, even it was noted that with respect to the much advanced levels of spe nding it is complicated to declare that it is receiving excellent value for its health care money. A general evaluation carried out by the World Health Organization within its fiercely contested standing of nations with respect to health system performance put â€Å"UK on 18th and US on 37th out of 191† (Davidson , 2010, p. 154) nations studied. This implies that as a structure, the accomplishments of the United States do not go well with those of the United Kingdom, although the United States has a large number of examples of medical superiority and offers extremely approachable care to citizens who are indemnified. This paper sheds light on the resemblance as well as variation between the quality of National Health Service of the United Kingdom and America, and different approaches to dealing with the health services requirements of citizens of each country. 2. Healthcare Systems: US vs. UK It is ironic that UK concern in benefitting from the United States is larger â€Å" than the other way round† (Anderson et al, 2007, p. 144). Confirmation of this knowledge is to be noticed all over. In the last phase of 1980s, the â€Å"Thatcher government drew on ideas advocated by the Stanford economist, Alain Enthoven, in formulating its plans for an internal market for the NHS† (Anderson et al, 2007, p. 145). Subsequently, the Blair regime's reorganizations to the NHS have caused a transformed concern within importing regulations from ‘across the Atlantic’, most apparently within the opening of an innovative structure for reimbursing hospitals that draws a lot on the utilization of potential compensation in the United States. An additional case of learning from the United States can be witnesses within the NHS strategy on chronic illness. Joint ventures have been formed with groups such as â€Å"Kaiser Permanente and United Healthcare† (Anderson et al, 2007, p. 164) with a record of accomplishment of improvement in dealing with chronic situations. These joint ventures are concentrating on the reworked copy by the NHS of controlled healthcare practices like case supervision, threat, stratification, as well as extrapolative representation. By contrast, the United States has demonstrated small interest in gaining knowledge from Britain,

Strategic Human Resource Mangement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Human Resource Mangement - Essay Example s as well as in the implementation of those strategies through HR activities such as recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel† (Lii, 2003). SHRM models work to promote learning and competitiveness of the workforce as the basic prerequisite for improved competitiveness and better efficiency in organizations. Cadbury and Craft are the two examples of how SHRM works in practical workplace environments. Needless to say, SHRM in these organizations is heavily influenced by national and corporate cultures, and is closely aligned with the social responsibility and ethical dimensions of workplace performance. The history of SHRM at Cadbury dates back to the times when there were no unions; yet, Cadbury’s owners clearly well realized the value of HR to their competitiveness and performance. Cadbury considered people as inherently valuable to the firm and thus a resource that had to be used effectively (Price 2007). Those were also the views promoted by Craft in its approaches to HR. Obviously, those were the roots of SHRM that positions effective utilization of human resources as the source of strategic competitive advantage (Bratton & Gold 2001). For both Cadbury and Craft, SHRM stands out as the cyclic combination of several different activities: organization’s direction, environmental analysis, strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation; these altogether exemplify Bratton’s model of SHRM which successfully works in dozens of modern organizations. Moreover, Craft and Cadbury realize that HR are valuable, inimitable, and rare – the view that goes in line with the resource-based view of the firm (Hall 1993). Finally, the success of SHRM in Cadbury and Craft lays in that both organizations were successful in linking their HRM practice to behavioral, performance, and financial outcomes the way they are discussed by Guest (HRM Guide 2005). As a result, HR stands out as the core of sustained competitiveness in organizations in the long run.

Epic of Gilgamesh Essay Example for Free

Epic of Gilgamesh Essay In the epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh ventures upon a quest seeking immortality as a result to peace and significance in life. In means of this journey, Gilgamesh undergoes a combination of grand adventure, of mortality and also of tragedy. He tries to reach immortality in unusual ways, each as unsuccessful as its predecessor. Gilgamesh suffers conflict due to being two-part god and one part man, in a preliterate time, when gods were seemingly to be replaced by mortals on the throne of the city-states. Gilgamesh tries first through his actions, but then undergoes a transformation which leads him to next attempt physical immortality. Through events of this process, Gilgamesh encounters whom is to be his counterpoint, his equal. Gilgamesh then learns, on his journey to immortality, the truth of a man who endures the wrath of a god, in which he has displeased, causing a stage of extermination of mankind. Gilgamesh gains mature knowledge among his quest. Uruk, his city, is his legacy and the key to his quest. The legends of the pursuit for immortality assembled in the Epic of Gilgamesh portray the conflict felt around Sumerian times. As urbanization swept Mesopotamia, the ethnic condition pivoted from an unsettled hunting society to that of a rural gathering society. Man found his relationship with the divine indefinite and insecure. From the gods, Gilgamesh possessed a perfect body, perfect beauty, restlessness and courage. From his father, Gilgamesh possessed mortality. This results in Gilgamesh having to face the ultimate conflict; conflict of the desires of the god and destiny of the man. Even the king, to whom all things were known, would have to confront commands of tragedy. Superior to all mortal, Gilgamesh finds no desirable match in love or in war. Intending to provide a companion, the gods create from Clay, Enkidu. â€Å"Enkidu, the ‘natural man’ reared with wild animals, and as swift as the gazelle† (Gilgamesh, 22). Gilgamesh and Enkidu seemed to equal out each other and quickly became partners. Gilgamesh was made by the gods so therefore has high self confidence, very smart, but extremely arrogant. He felt as if he had â€Å"supreme powers† and that nothing was impossible. Enkidu was raised by animals in the forest. He was brave, smart, and loyal to his new friend. Enkidu helped Gilgamesh discover his humble and kindhearted side by their newfound brotherhood. Even though the first time they met was a long brawl, the two became inseparable brothers. Not only have they fought against each other but they also fought against many other evils. This later concludes in Enkidu’s death and brings Gilgamesh into a sadness he thought he could only overcome if he was immortal. My hand’s strength, the sword in my belt, The shield before me† (Gilgamesh, 62), reveals the nature of Gilgamesh’s relationship with his soul mate, best friend, and loyal companion, Endiku. The gods in Gilgameshs epic are bestowed as being easily agitated and vindictive. Being two-thirds a god himself, Gilgamesh acts of defiance also speak to a bitter aspect of the gods among ancient Mesopotamians. The gods are depicted as being challenging to satisfy, sometimes penalizing without account or granting punishments that seem out of equivalence to violation. Both men face consequence by insulting Ishtar, but Gilgamesh is able to face his own mortality and Enkidu discover s great knowledge of the measure of life. Subsequently, the loss of Enkidu, Gilgamesh’s young brother and dear friend landed Gilgamesh in a pit of despair. His equal companion has been overtaken by mortality. On his journey in search of immortality, caused by this fear of death, brought him to Utnapishtim. The man who was blessed with everlasting life after surviving the great flood. Aroused by the outrageousness, Enlil, the god of air, felt, â€Å"In those days the world teemed, the people multiplied and the world bellowed like a wild bull†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The uproar of mankind is intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reason of the babel† (Gilgamesh, 70). As the advocate of destruction towards human kind, Enlil dominates with his weapon of storm. To his care, Anunnaki, gods of the underworld, cast upon rising waters by lightening. A great flood that will exterminate all mankind has been cursed upon Utnapishtim. â€Å"I looked at the face of the world and there was silence, all mankind was turned to clay† (Gilgamesh, 71). Similar to Noah’s ark, like doves, a swallow and a raven were released. After land was promised, fed to the gods are sacrifices made by Noah and Utnapishtim. In turn, everlasting blessings were cast upon themselves and their families. Utnapishtim challenged Gilgamesh’s commitment to immortality by ordering Gilgamesh to prevail against sleep for six days and seven nights. Gilgamesh fails this request. This journey underscores his humanity, which he did not truly learn a lesson until he first erred in the wrong direction. Therefore, the society, by writing the story of Gilgamesh, guarantees not only his immortality, but the immortality of the new order being established. The Sumerians were the beginning literate culture of Mesopotamia. They carried the gift of language and ideas. In a time when gods were replaced by mortals, Archaic Sumerian civilization was the age. From the oldest of the tablets from Gilgamesh, language relates back to the one of the Sumerians. Through Gilgamesh’s desperate seek to find immortality, he eventually comes back to the point at which he began; however, now he realizes that the beginning point was always the object of his quest.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Accounting Standards Accounting Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Accounting Standards Accounting Essay Introduction: In accounting, for every basis, identification and measurement of the elements of financial statement and the impact of the circumstances and financial status and work results should be defined in a form of standards. These standards are like the rules for accounting in any country. That is why they denote what should be mentioned in any companys accounts. Moreover, they guarantee that certain cases, approaches and requirements are taken into account normally. In addition, they help people who are interested in investment to make decisions by ensuring that they get appropriate information needed. This is the idea behind accounting standards. When we talk about accounting standards, the main thing that comes under them is the accounting report. According to the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), accounting reports are documents filled out by brokers that give details and facts about a new clients financial circumstances and investment objectives. The report may be updated if there are material changes in a client financial position. Based on the report, a client may or may not be deemed eligible for certain types of risky investments such as commodity trading or highly leveraged limited partnership deals. The second main thing is the framework. According to the Financial Accounting Standards Board in the US, the conceptual framework is the system of fundamentals and objectives that make consistent standards by knowing that the accounting report does not mean the rules but the guidelines. Actually, rules are set in the accounting standards which we can formulate from the framework. But when we face an interpretation conflict, it takes some requirements over the framework. International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), http://www.iasb.org Accounting Standards, Advantages and Disadvantages: Having said that accounting standards are the provider of the rules, conditions and consistency, they may hold some pros and cons while they are being implemented and taken in any company. Efficiency and effectiveness can be gotten through consistency if different organizations apply them than other organizations in their financial transactions. If we ask ourselves about the main reason behind bookkeeping practices, the answer would be that companies with different forms and a wide range of data to be maintained are better than those that have the same data categorized less in the same shape and will face a very big problem in trying to do business together. Hence, the justice and court have standard operations and businesses in fact, should denote all of its operations and transactions. According to Elliot (2009) companies should organize their operations with standard clients, competitors, customers, and suppliers. If we want to issue clear standards of financial accounting, we hav e to take into account the direction of the economy to establish joint stock companies with large capital. Its necessary to expand the vision of accounting standards according to communication and delivery of accounting information to lead to the need for that information to let them assess the performance of businesses to make good decisions with regards to their investment. Accounting standards are a very significant practice as it leads to effective corporate governance programs. They also provide a useful mechanism to rebuild the corporate values. Schipper, K. (2003). Principles-Based Accounting Standards. Accounting Horizons, 17(1), 61-72 The Need for Accounting Standards: The need for accounting standards has been a very important aspect to ensure that comparability, accuracy and transparency are needed for the integration of European financial markets, which is according to the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). We need accounting standards to develop the measures of performance in any form of life, whether it is in financial reporting, returns and funds, or even playing a game. Actually, high quality financial reporting is connected with efficient capital markets so as to lead for investment to be well done. If we want the economy to function efficiently, we should have accounting standards because they help us reach our destiny. With accounting standards and good financial reporting, customers can get a clear image about business activities and financial conditions. To make it very clear, I will just mention a small example created by me that will really denote and clarify the real need for accounting standards in any business ent erprise. With known and organized accounting standards, when the amount of the net income of Fathiya Company and Abeer Company is 2 million Omani Rials, we are sure that we can make a meaningful comparison. According to Schipper (2003) says that without standards, we cannot get the core aspect of assurance, for instance, whether Fathiya Company is considering the orders of the future as current sales or releasing a big amount of its expenses. Financial Accounting Standards Board, http://www.fasb.org Business without Accounting Standards: It was clear that accounting standards are very important to any business. Businesses can do whatever they want to reach certain goals without the need for accounting standards, but not as well as businesses that take accounting standards into account. Without accounting standards, businesses cannot guarantee that they will consider their future list of objectives or will leave some expenses. Furthermore, businesses cannot organize operations with their customers, suppliers and even competitors without applying at least some accounting standards. Moreover, if businesses do not apply accounting standards, they definitely will not be able to structure their business well and will lead to the corporate values to be missed. Elliot, B. and Elliot, E. Financial Accounting and Reporting 13th edition, 2009 Chapters 5 and7 Accounting Standards in Oman and abroad: Oman has prepared the financial statements in accordance with International Accounting standards (IAS), the interpretations which are prepared by the Standing Interpretation Committee of the IASC and the requirements of the Commercial Companies Law of the Sultanate of Oman and the requirements set out in the rules for disclosure issued by the Capital Market Authority of the Sultanate of Oman, the disclosure is inadequate and is a negative phenomenon to a country which wishes to be strengthened further a good economy. Accounting standards in Oman may be somehow related to the accounting standards outside Oman, because, in some extent, they all come under the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), http://www.iasb.org Recommendations and Conclusion: As an accounting student, I recommend all companies in Oman to have a set of accounting standards and reports in order to build a reliable business that can rank them in the top of the list of good companies. To conclude, we should think of accounting standards as the key of success for different business enterprises. In addition, if companies apply accounting standards well, other companies will look up to them to do business strategies as well as they do.

Taboo Words And Their Treatment In Dictionaries

Taboo Words And Their Treatment In Dictionaries Taboo words are a part of language that is supposed to be avoided at all times, but are nevertheless used in practice. Most taboo words originate from taboo acts. Dictionaries have special labels for taboo words which warn the users that taboo words are not acceptable. Taboo words in dictionaries are defined in patterns which make them seem less offensive, and provide an alternative for them. Only taboo words which are considered to be the least offensive have example sentences in their entries in dictionaries. The most offensive group of taboo words are taboo words related to sexuality. Inconsistencies in labelling between dictionaries prove that the negative connotations of taboo words are not inherent in language, but culturally determined. Taboo words are those words that are considered in bad taste by some people or should be avoided because they mention realities that are stark or vulgar. Taboo words usually refer to sex, religion and necessities such as the act of emptying the bladder or the bowels. The general aim of this paper is to observe and report on the treatment of taboo words in standard language dictionaries, among words without taboo connotations. The paper will offer a short introduction into the problematics of taboo language, but will for the most part examine the treatment of taboo words in dictionaries- the way they are defined, the labels that designate them and the examples that accompany them. By comparing the entries for taboo words in five dictionaries, it will be shown which labels for taboo words exist and whether they are the same in all dictionaries; whether all dictionaries follow the same pattern when defining taboo words and with what purpose, and whether the treatment od taboo words in dictionaries can cause any problems for dictionary users. Through examining the entries for taboo words which contain examples, it will be determined which taboo words are the least insulting, and by comparing labels it will be determined which taboo words are the most insulting. Noting the inconsistencies between the dictionaries in defining and labelling taboo words will show that taboo words are not inherently offensive, but determined as taboo by the speakers of the language and the culture they belong to. Theoretical background Taboo words, also referred to as curse words, profanity, swearwords and offensive speech, are words that are not supposed to be uttered at all, or at least not in polite conversation, because they are regarded as inappropriate or immoral, or believed to be forbidden supernaturally. Typical examples of taboo words would be expressions like Damn! or Shit! (Akmajian et al. 306). Taboo words are used in order to make the language we speak more graphic or more concrete, just as metaphors do (Jay 137). They add emotional shading to language and can communicate strong thoughts, ideas, attitudes and opinions in a way non- taboo words cannot (Jay 137). They are used to express anger and annoyance, for insulting and often as intensifiers in phrases, such as in the sentence Whereà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s that damn book! (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary Online). The word taboo comes from the Polynesian language and means forbidden (Allan and Burridge 2). Taboo words are, as their name suggests, connected to taboo acts. The act of incest is taboo, and so is the word motherfucker- but there are other words that are taboo, while the action they denote is not. Talking about sex is often considered taboo, but the act of sex itself is not at all forbidden, or improper, if it is done at the suitable time and place, and with the appropriate person. Still, words linked to a taboo act are likely to become taboo words (Allan and Burridge 2). It is important to note that à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦what counts as taboo language is something defined by culture, and not by anything inherent in the language. (Akmajian et al. 307). This means that taboo words and expressions reflect the customs and views of people belonging to a particular society or culture. (Trudgill 18) Taboo language in the English language can be divided into three broader categories. The first category consists of taboo words related to religion. Typical examples from this category are expressions such as God!, Damn!, Jesus! and Hell!. Since words from this category refer to the supernatural, they evoke the emotions of awe and fear. This category represents the historical basis of swearing in the English language (Pinker). The second category consists of taboo words which denote certain body functions and effluvia. The taboo words from this category provoke emotions of disgust due to the fact that certain infectious diseases can be carried from one person to another through bodily effluvia (Pinker). Typical examples from this category are taboo words such as shit, asshole and fart. The third category consists of taboo words related to sexuality- sexual organs, different names for the act of sex and insults related to ones sexual orientation or sexual habits. Examples from this ca tegory are the words fuck, pussy and dyke. Another category can be added to the ones already mentioned- a category that consists of insulting names for disfavoured (mostly because of their race or nationality) persons or groups. The words from this category provoke emotions of hatred and contempt, and the typical example is the word nigger. Methods and material The data for this research was obtained by searching through online dictionaries for taboo words and observing their respective entries. Five online dictionaries were chosen: Oxford Advanced Learners English Dictionary Online, Merriam- Webster Online Dictionary, Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Online, Macmillan Online Dictionary and Longman English Dictionary Online. The reason for choosing online dictionaries was that the printed versions of these dictionaries which were available were not all from the same year and were not the current versions. Online dictionaries are constantly upgraded, which makes them suitable for a comparative study. These five dictionaries were chosen because they all come from respectable publishing companies and are edited by professional lexicographers. Only standard language dictionaries, and not specialised dictionaries (such as slang dictionaries), were used because the aim of the research was to see how taboo words were treated among all other normal words. After choosing which dictionaries to use, the words that would be examined were chosen based on the literature consulted for this research paper, with the addition of words similar in meaning. The words were the following: (ass, asshole, fart, piss, shit, bastard, bitch, cock, cunt, dick, dyke, fag, fuck, motherfucker, pussy, screw, slut, whore, bloody, damn, darn, hell, Dago, Gook, nigger, Paddy, Paki and Spic 28 in total. They were then divided into four groups: Body parts and effluvia (ass, asshole, fart, piss, and shit,); Sex and insults related to sexuality (bastard, bitch, cock, cunt, dick, dyke, fag, fuck, motherfucker, pussy, screw, slut and whore); Religion (bloody, damn, darn and hell) and Racial insults (Dago, Gook, nigger, Paddy, Paki and Spic). The research included checking and noting the labels and the definitions used in separate dictionaries, as well as the examples (or the lack of examples), and comparing them. Analysis and results This comparative study answered the following questions: Which labels and warnings are used in dictionaries to warn the users about taboo words? How are taboo words defined in dictionaries? Are there any differences between dictionaries in the way the words used in the study are labelled and defined? Are there any example sentences in entries for taboo words? Which group of taboo words/ which individual taboo word is the most strongly marked? Labels. Every dictionary has labels assigned to words which inform the user of the status of the word and the register it is supposed to be used in. This research has shown that there are many ways of warning dictionary users about taboo words. The labels that are used to warn users about taboo words in Oxford Advanced Learners English Dictionary Online are: taboo, slang, informal, disapproving and offensive. The labels appear before the definition of the word; they are written in italics and bracketed. Alongside these labels, additional warnings can be found in the definition of the word. The additional labels are: very offensive, not polite, offensive, a swear word, and offensive to some people. The labels that refer to taboo words in Merriam- Webster Online Dictionary are: sometimes vulgar, often vulgar, usually vulgar, obscene, usually obscene, usually disparaging, often disparaging and usually offensive. The labels appear before the definition of the word, in italics. Only one additional label was found in the definition of the word- a generalized term of abuse. The labels for taboo words found in the Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Online are: informal, very informal, slang, offensive and disapproving. The labels appear before the definition of the word and are written in capitals. Only one additional label was found in the definition of the word and that one is slightly rude. The labels that are used to warn users about taboo words in the Macmillan Online Dictionary are: impolite, offensive and informal. As in the case of the Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Online, the labels appear before the definition of the word and are written in capitals. The additional labels found in the definition were extremely offensive and insulting. In the Longman English Dictionary Online, the labels for taboo words are: taboo, informal, not polite and slightly rude. The labels appear before the definition of the word in italics and in a different colour than the definition. The additional labels are: offensive, very offensive in combination with Do not use this word and insulting. What this overview shows is that every dictionary has its own system of labelling taboo words, with different words used as warning for the users. This is not surprising because every dictionary has its own labelling policy which is applied to all the words, not just taboo words. Some of the labels do appear in more than one dictionary, like offensive, informal and taboo. Generally speaking, it can be concluded that users are warned in an adequate way that taboo words are not appropriate, not only because of the labels themselves, but also because of the graphical layout of the labels (written in capitals, italics, or in another colour). However, one potential problem for dictionary users can be detected just by looking at the labels- words like often, sometimes, slightly and usually often modify labels for taboo words. This can create confusion, especially since definitions of most taboo words are not followed by examples. The user himself, especially if he is not a native speaker, cannot know in which cases he is allowed to use this word and in which it could have severe consequences. The only dictionary which explicitly states that some words should not be used at all is the Longman English Dictionary Online, with the label Do not use this word found in the definitions of the taboo words. Definitions. When it comes to the way taboo words are defined, there are two types of definitions used in the dictionaries examined in this research. The first type of definition is the synonym definition, in which just the synonym of the taboo word is given, usually a scientific or a more polite term, without any additional explanation, as in the case of the word cock in the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary Online : COCK- (taboo, slang) a penis. The second type of definition gives a scientifical explanation of the phenomenon which the taboo word denotes, as in the case of the word fart in the Merriam- Webster Online Dictionary: FART- often vulgar: to expel intestinal gas from the anus. Both types of definitions appear in all of the five dictionaries examined and they represent the standard way taboo or offensive words are usually defined in dictionaries. The goal they share is making taboo words and concepts seem less offensive. (joint 128). Examples. Another aspect of the treatment of taboo words in dictionaries that is worth looking at are examples of sentences or phrases that contain taboo words and words that collocate with them. There are many kinds of dictionaries, and not all of them provide examples for all the words they list, but by checking which taboo words have examples in most dictionaries, and which do not, it can be concluded which taboo words are the least offensive. If a dictionary offers an example, it actually shows the user how a word is supposed to be used and in a way gives permission for its usage. The word hell had an example in all of the five dictionaries examined, the words bastard, bloody, damn and darn in four, and the words shit and bitch in three. The rest of the words had an example in one or none of the dictionaries examined. This indicates that the words belonging to the group of taboo words related to religion are no longer considered very insulting, which can be confirmed by looking a t the labels used for these words- informal and impolite prevail, and three dictionaries do not even give any warning for some of the taboo words from this group. The fact that the words belonging to the group of taboo words related to religion aro no longer perceived as very offensive is in contrast with the fact that the historical root of swearing in English is religion (Pinker). Linguist interpret this phenomenon as a result of the secularization of Western culture. (Pinker) The words shit and bitch belong to two different groups of taboo words: shit belongs to the group that refers to body parts and effluvia, and bitch belongs to the group that refers to sex and insults related to sexuality. Both of the words belong to everyday speech, and are mostly labelled as impolite or informal, but also offensive in some dictionaries. Most offensive words. Determining the most offensive taboo word and taboo word group was the next step in this research. By simply comparing the labels, it was concluded that the most strongly marked group was the group consisting of words related to sexuality- words referring to sex (fuck, screw), sexual organs (cock, cunt, dick, pussy) and insults related to sexuality (bitch, dyke, fag, motherfucker, whore). These words were mostly labelled as very offensive, vulgar and obscene. Cunt is the most offensive word in this group. It was labelled as taboo/ slang/ very offensive (Oxford), usually disparaging obscene (Merriam- Webster), offensive (Cambridge), offensive/ extremely offensive (Macmillan), and taboo/ Do not use this word (Longman). Cunt has been the most seriously taboo word in English for centuries, remaining so for the vast majority of users, especially women, since it conveys strong misogynist connotations (Allan and Burridge 52). The most offensive individual taboo word o f the ones that were examined was the word nigger. All of the dictionaries strongly warn against this word, and Merriam- Webster calls it the most offensive and inflammatory racial slur in English. In other dictionaries it is labelled as very or extremely offensive, and Longman states that the words should not be used at all. Other words from the group consisting of insults on a racial or national basis (Gook, Dago, Spic, Paddy) are also strongly warned against, and usually labelled as offensive or very offensive. This implies that the world is moving towards tolerance when it comes to questions of race and nationality (but also sexual orientation and religion), and these kinds of insults are now completely unacceptable. Inconsistencies. There are certain inconsistencies between dictionaries in the way some taboo words are defined and labelled. This can be seen in the way the word slut is labelled in the dictionaries examined, as shown in Table 1. WORD: Slut Oxford ALD Online: disapproving, offensive Merriam- Webster Online: very informal Cambridge ALD Online: offensive, insulting Macmillan Online Dictionary: taboo informal, Longman English Dictionary Online: very offensive- Do not use this word Oxford, Macmillan and Longman consider slut more offensive than Cambridge does, while Merriam- Webster gives no warning whatsoever about this word being a taboo word. Since for every dictionary this word has a different degree of offensiveness, it can be concluded that the treatment of taboo words in dictionaries proves one of the initial claims made about taboo words- there is nothing inherently offensive or insulting in them. What makes them taboo is culturally, or even individually, determined, which is why even dictionaries cannot be uniform in the way they label taboo words. Conclusion This research paper has examined the entries for taboo words in five standard language dictionaries. The purpose was to see how taboo words were treated among other words that are acceptable in polite or formal conversation. Users are warned by the labels in dictionaries that taboo words should be avoided. The graphical layout of the labels is also used for this purpose. The labels are mostly different in all the dictionaries due to different labelling policies, but some are found in all of the dictionaries. A potential problem for dictionary users, especially second language learners, is the fact that labels are often accompanied by words such as sometimes, usually, slightly etc. In this case, the user cannot deduct from the labels when it is acceptable to use a certain taboo word and when it can have severe consequences. When defining taboo words, all of the dictionaries that were examined use two patterns: defining the taboo word with a more polite or scientific synonym, or by a s cientific explanation. The common goal of these two patterns is to make taboo words and what they designate seem less offensive. Through examining the entries for taboo words which contain examples, it was determined that only taboo words which are considered the least offensive have example sentences. The least offensive taboo words are the ones related to religion. By comparing labels it was concluded that the most offensive taboo words belong to the group related to sexuality, and that the most offensive individual taboo word is the word nigger. Inconsistencies found between the dictionaries in the way they label the same taboo words prove the assumption that there is nothing inherently insulting or offensive in taboo words- they are taboo because of the speakers of the language and the culture they belong to. A suggestion for further research is to historically track labels used for taboo words to see if the way they are perceived has changed and how and monitor if they will cha nge in the near future.

Vaccinations: A Clear Benefit Essay -- essays research papers

A clear definition of a vaccination is, â€Å"the generic term for immunization procedures. Immunization is a procedure whereby living or nonliving materials are introduced into the body†¦:† (Nosal, 1999) The concept that people who survive an infectious disease do not get the same disease again is the basis for the administering of vaccinations. Vaccines are normally given to healthy individuals for the prevention of diseases. Vaccines work by using a human host to provide a stimulus to the immune system. Immunization is used for viral and bacterial diseases. Rappuolli reports and predicts, â€Å"Vaccines will not only be used to prevent infections, but also to cure chronic infectious diseases, tumors, diseases and allergies.† (1999) Even though there are risks involved with being vaccinated, there is no doubt that vaccines have been the most effective means of combating deadly infectious diseases throughout the twentieth century. Vaccinations were developed or discovered in 1796 when Edward Jenner, a doctor in England, noted that the farmers infected with materials from cows did not develop small pox, but instead were immune to the disease. Today, vaccinations are available for a variety of life threatening or life altering diseases such as; smallpox, rabies, salmonella, tuberculosis, diphtheria, yellow fever, tetanus, pertussis, polio, influenza, cholera, measles, mumps, rubella, meningococcus, tick-borne encephalitis, pneumococcus, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, varicella, lyme disease, and rotavirus. Vaccines are more commonly given to infants today to immunize early. Already there are more vaccines in development for infectious diseases such as cancer, hepatitis C, papillomavirus, and helicobacter pylori. With these vaccines, tumors will be dramatically decreased. So instead of regarding vaccinations as a painful childhood experience, they should be perceived as tools used in the prevention and cure of disease s. Therefore, the hazards of vaccinations have to be weighed against the benefits of immunization. Immunization has lowered the reported cases of diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, (DPT), measles, mumps, rubella, (MMR), tuberculosis, and meningitis. A notable decrease in the number of cases of measles, hepatitis B, and polio were noticed after vaccinations started being administered. The hepatitis B vaccine was introduced in 1989. Before the vaccine was availabl... ...2, 2005, from Info Track database. Makela, J., Nuorti, P., Peltola, H. (2002). Neurologic disorders after measles-mumps-rubella Vaccination. 110 (5), 957-972. Retrieved March 12, 2005 from Info Trac database. Nossal, Gustav (July 1999) Vaccination. In: Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. London: Nature Publishing Group. http://www/els.net [doi:10.1038/npg.els.0000489] Rappuoli, Rino (August 1999) Vaccinations of Humans. In: Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. London: Nature Publishing Group. http:www.els.net [doi:10.1038/npg.els.0000961] Richards, S. (2004). An update on childhood vaccinations. Primary Health Care, 14(10), 22-25. Retrieved March 12, 2005, from Info Traci database. US nurses oppose smallpox vaccinations (2003). Australian Nursing Journal, 10(8), 13. Retrieved March 12, 2005, from Info Trac database. Zepf, B. (2005) Do childhood vaccinations cause type 1 diabetes? American Family Physician, 71 (3), 583. Retrieved March 12, 2005 from Info Trac database. Zimmerman, R. (2000). Child vaccination, part 1:routine vaccinations. Journal of Family Practice, 49,(9), 22-33. Retrieved March 12, 2005, from EBSCOhost database.

Welfare Reform - Welfare Recipients MUST take Personal Responsibility E

Welfare Reform - Welfare Recipients MUST take Personal Responsibility   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Public Welfare is an important support system of the United States government. Welfare has its benefits, but the system has pitfalls. Instead of abolishing welfare as critics of the system suggest, reforms can be made to correct the problems while government, either on the state or federal level, can continue to assist the impoverished.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term welfare is used to describe a variety of programs that provide income support and create a safety net for poor individuals and families. Such benefits include Supplemental Security Income, Medicaid, food stamps, housing allowances, and Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Aid To Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) enables states to provide cash payments to children that are deprived of the care or support of a parent. In terms of welfare reform, this is the program most often discussed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media has created many myths regarding welfare and the reasons the system should be done away with. Stating that the majority of new welfare recipients are poor, single mothers, claims have been made that poor women have more children because of the incentives of welfare benefits. It has been proven that is no correlation between women's choice to have children and welfare benefit levels. Furthermore, for each additional child, a mother can expect an additional $90 of AFDC benefits, far too low to serve as any type of incentive. In addition, those states that provide higher benefits do not necessarily show higher birth rates among their welfare recipients. Families receiving AFDC benefits have 1.9 children, just about the same as the national average. (ACLU 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another myth created by the media concerns the amount of money spent and the results. It has been said that after spending billions of dollars since the mid-1960's on anti-poverty programs, there have been little or no results. To begin with, spending on AFDC between 1964 and 1994 was only $500 billion, less than 1.5% of federal spending for that period. Further, there have been results. Between 1964 and 1973, the poverty rate fell from 19% to 11%. It is true that since 1973, poverty has increased. This is due to economic forces such as declining real wages, rather than a failure of the system itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A third myth regarding welfare concer... ...People must be held responsible for their actions: economic and moral failures are not society's fault. As Speaker of the House Gingrich said, "We are re-establishing work as an American tradition." (US News & World Report 12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The welfare system is an important aspect of American society. It assists the impoverished individuals and families of our nation. It helps support the unemployed during their time of need. The welfare system must remain to help people get back on their feet, as it was designed. However, it must be reformed so that dependence on government aid is avoided. Works Cited American Civil Liberties Union: The Civil Liberties Issues of Welfare Reform.  New York: The American Civil Liberties Union, 1995. â€Å"Five Media Myths About Welfare.† Extra 1-3. Hoehn, Richard. Blueprint for Social Justice: Let's Get Real About Welfare.  New Orleans: Twornery Center for Peace Through Justice, 1995. Kaus, Mickey. â€Å"The Revival of Liberalism.† New York Times. 9 August 1996: A27 â€Å"Say You Want A Revolution.† US News and World Report. 9 Oct 1995: 11-14 Schiller, Bradley, â€Å"Why Welfare is Still So Hard To Reform.† Challenge November-December 1995: 16-19

America in World War Two Essay -- WWII World War 2 Essays

Leading into the American involvement in World War II, American ideas were harsh. The United States turned to isolationism instead of involvement. Most Americans opposed taking a role in the war. Many even opposed any aid to help those countries who were in war. The diplomacy of isolationism quickly changed after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. America suddenly was thrown into the warfront. During World War II many ways and ideas of the American culture changed once again. Now, most Americans supported the war. Technology was advanced immensely, thus creating weapons of mass destruction. Even stifle American women were now getting jobs that were once held only by men. The events leading up to and the actual American involvement in the war has changed America into what it is today. Roosevelt was elected for a third term in 1940. At his State of the Union address, he made it clear that Americans needed to shift away from isolationism. He stressed that America should help those who were in struggle to keep their rights. He expanded on several ideas, such as, equality, jobs and security. He also touched on such subjects like the social economy. Roosevelt also made sure to hit hard on the fact that it is in Americans freedoms to be from fear. With this idea, he tried to have people come to the realization that Great Britain needed out help, and that as Americans, we would only be contributing to those human rights by helping them keep their freedom. With Great Britain fighting the war alone, Americans slowly changed their minds to supporting them. Those who still opposed any intervention in the war fo... ...bing. She also talks about how there were many like her that were burned by the bomb. The entire city was burning, not only those who were hit directly by the bomb. America in the Second World War was very different. The direct isolationism that the American government first played was quickly switched to war intervention with the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Gender and social roles were also affected by this war. Women and blacks were now able to work in jobs that were once reserved only for white men. The harsh environment that we forced upon our own citizens was nothing of the environments that those Japanese Americans had to live through. America in World War II was a very different kind of place. Our ideas and ways changed with a simple bombing. War is very delicate and it proved to be that way to the United States.

Philosophy, Abortion Essay

Judith Thomson in her article ‘A Defense of Abortion’ the scholar discusses philosophical and psychological issues, outlining the biases of common perception of abortion as a murder. Her primary argument relates to developmental issues, which either directly or implicitly suggest that human ontogenesis begins after the birth, so â€Å"the fetus is not a person from the moment of conception. A newly fertilized ovum, a newly implanted clump of cells, is no more a person than an acorn is an oak tree† (Thomson, 1971, p. 7). In addition, the author positions human right for choice, more precisely, to control physical processes as a redline of the paper. Interestingly, the scholar defends women’s position in the following way: supporting the interests of the prospective child, the members of anti-abortion movement often forget that the mother is also a person, who might feel discomfort or fear when ‘housing’ her child, moreover – might be at health risk, as the lives of pregnant woman are not actually safe. The female therefore is entitled to protect herself from such threats or eliminate them. On the one hand, the unborn individual definitely has the right to live. On the other hand, the woman unquestionably can decide whether to allow the unborn individual to use her organs, as no-one can be forced to allow physical intrusion. The right for life, she continues, relates precisely to the right not to be killed unjustly, but abortion is in reality a murder, providing the eradication of the health threat (pain, at least). The independence of fetus, as Thomson argues, is extremely doubtful, because such prospective children need the women’s physical resources, a house, in Thomson’s words. Finally, the scholar denies the permissibility of abortion and restricts the right for killing the unborn to the presence of health threats, rape or fetus pathology, as Minimally Decent Samaritanism requires of mother safe, sound and healthy reproduction, so the fact of reluctance to bear a child is not enough for abortion, as this phenomenon is viewed as indecent and immoral in the cases behind the three aforementioned conditions.

A Shadow in the City

â€Å"A Shadow in the City: Confessions of an Undercover Drug Warrior† is a well-known book written by Charles Bowden. As evident by the name, the book deals with drugs, the drug war and an under cover drug warrior.The author of this book has touched a subject which has generally always been considered dark by many; and for that he has put forward the picture of a man who has worked extremely hard nearly all his life to put an end to the war against drugs.The author has gone deep into the mind of a person namely Mr. O’Shay and has put forward many such things which go by ignored by a vast number of people. The reason behind writing this book evidently is to gain awareness and make the people give attention to the problems faced by the people who work on the front end of this problem.These are the people who begin working as people with good hearts and even better intentions, and then they are forced to consign acts of pure evil or just simple lose at their work. Every s ingle evil act wounds the mind and the soul of that person to the extent that nothing is left except pain, wounds, and a guilty feeling that agonizes a man who at his heart may be a good person.Another thing which the author has tried to convey is the fact that anyone involved in the drugs business would either go up or go straight down. He will loose all signs of humanity along with all his morals and values (Bowden, 2005).Summaryâ€Å"Joey O'Shay is not the real name of the narcotics agent in an unnamed city in the center of the country. But Joey O'Shay exists. The nearly three hundred drug busts he has orchestrated over more than two decades are real, too; if the drug war were a declared war, O'Shay would have a Silver Star†.–Charles BowdenThis well-known book which has been written by Charles Bowden presents an image of the life of an undercover drug agent and the effects of his work on the agent’s sanity and sense of right and wrong. In this book the author has presented to his readers the unseen world of the drug wars where wicked crimes occur nearly all the time; where unfaithfulness and dishonesty are the only two things that one can depend on; and where alcohol and drugs are the only thing that people are concerned about.In the book, the author has archived a career-making drug deal for pure Columbian heroin which is being coordinated by Joey O’Shay, a drug agent who has been working under-cover for more than twenty years.The drug agent has made a vast number of drug deal busts without ever being identified by any of his targets; nevertheless, his purpose as an agent and that of America’s war on drugs has grown more difficult to understand with each bust. O’Shay is at a point where he wishes to retire from his job. He wants to walk away from what he has been doing since a very long time—getting close to his enemies and then destroying them, but the way out is not easy.He stands at a point where he does not know himself; he has become an entity trying to understand his own self. In the words of the author, â€Å"he becomes a shadow in the city. He remains unknown to the life moving around him. He answers no questions. He grows, thrives, slides silently down the streets.He acts. He loves. He loses. He kills. He is the law but few remember this fact. Sometimes, he forgets himself† (Bowden, p.5). The problems faced by O’ Shay, him losing his personality, losing interest in his work and doubting his line of work, O’ Shay trying to find ways to get out of this drug business but failing at it and also failing at dying is what this book is basically about.While working for the war on drugs, the police men or let’s say the drug agents face a lot of things which play with their minds. Horrific images, brutal realities, harsh lies are all part of the game. These things make the person doubt his own job just like O’ Shay doubts his by thinking whether this w ar is ever going to end or not.Friendship and loyalty play a major role in this field. In the book, Bobbie is a girl who owns a hotel and has always been helping O’ Shay. She always listens to him and according to the author, â€Å"Bobbie obeys no one, she is proud of this fact. But she always obeys Joey. Even in her dreams† (Bowden, p.7).The author also addresses the problem of cops having to face crimes being committed in front of their eyes in order to remain under cover. At times, these people see so much of these crimes being committed that they become unsympathetic and get used to it just the way O’ Shay does in the book, but deep down inside, as the author has tried to portray, these people are anxious to undo all the things they have ever seen and known throughout their lives and careers. Yet, the author also goes on to remind the reader that such a thing is nearly impossible.These under cover agents go through a number of personal changes in the way the y think and perceive events and things around them. The war against drugs perhaps is a never ending war, as according to the author, the people who the under cover agents put away are immediately replaced by their successors, hence getting to the root of the problem is the main task here, which is not easy to be done.Author’s position on the Drug WarAs evident by the portrayal of O’ Shay as a man who wishes to give up on his job, the author certainly believes that the war against drug is not as easy as some of us may think it is.   It is a tough job which requires nerves. The author believes that the war on drugs might even turn out to be never ending, which is extremely bad.This issue must be dealt with great strategy. Not only should small drug deals be busted, but the bigger much worst deals should be dealt with as well, but for that the under cover agents must be fully prepared and should not weary of their jobs just as O’ Shay and a vast number of other u nder cover agents in real life do so. The war on drugs is a hard task and would take a long period of time to finish if it ever does. But as stated earlier, it requires thinking and strategic planning for the war to end and bringing about an end to drugs.Influence of the book on my personal views of the drug warReading this book has brought about a slight change in the way I had previously perceived the war against drugs. I had thought that perhaps the life of an under cover agent is not all that scary or disturbing, but this text proved me wrong.I thought that maybe if the authorities worked harder the problem would be finished in a very short period of time, but no; the text changed my view over that as well. I now think that the war against drugs might not end but even if it does it would require a very strategic plan.ConclusionIn the light of the above discussion we can hereby culminate that â€Å"A Shadow in the City: Confessions of an Undercover Drug Warrior† is a well- known book written by Charles Bowden. The book deals with drugs, drug deals, under cover agents and the way busting drug deals and dealing with thugs effects the way they think and perceive things and at times they also wish to retire from their jobs.BibliographyBowden, Charles. (2005). A Shadow in the City: Confessions of an Undercover Drug Warrior.   United States of America. Harcourt. ISBN: 0151011834.   

EC Law Essay

Part A Sonja is a temporary farm labourer of 16 years old. In the summer of 2005 she was hospitalized with sunburn got from working in the field without adequate UV protection according to the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive adopted by the EC. The Directive provides that the Member States should ensure â€Å"Sunblock and Sunglasses† to â€Å"workers in outdoor activities† within the meaning of the Directive. According to the independent arbitration scheme with employers set up with the approval of the Government by the Finnish Farm Labourers Union, Sonja, has brought her claim before the Arbitrator. Her claim requires that the Arbitrator interpret the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive. The Arbitrator considers that Sonja’s claim should be dismissed because she is not a â€Å"worker† according to his interpretation of the Directive, but merely an â€Å"apprentice† who does not qualify for legal protection. As provided in the independent arbitration scheme the decisions of the Arbitrator are legally binding and there is no right to appeal. According to the rules of procedure established by the instituting treaties of the European Communities for the Court of Justice of the European Communities, the Court’s jurisdiction is automatically mandatory in the areas expressly provided by the Treaties. There is no need for the Member States to accept this competence which means that the Court can be authorized by only one party, even against Member States. This also means that in the attributed domains by the treaties its competence is exclusive compared to any other jurisdiction. Article 234[1] (ex Article 177) from the consolidated Treaty establishing the European Community provides that: „The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the interpretation of this Treaty; (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the validity and interpretation of acts of the institutions of the Community and of the ECB; (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the interpretation of the statutes of bodies established by an act of the Council, where those statutes so provide. Where such a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court or tribunal may, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, request the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon. Where any such question is raised in a case pending before a court or tribunal of a Member State, against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law, that court or tribunal shall bring the matter before the Court of Justice.† In the case of Sonja, because the independent arbitration scheme set up between the Finnish Farm Labourers Union and the employers is conducted with the approval of the Government, to settle disputes regarding pay and conditions of work we can assimilate the Arbitrator with a court of law. The Arbitrator has an exclusive competence in this field. Moreover, he meets the requirements set up in the last provision of the Article 234, as set forth, because his decisions are legally binding and there is no right to appeal. This institutes an obligation upon the Arbitrator that whenever he has to interpret any act of one of the institutions of the Community he should raise a case before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. Therefore, before interpreting the provisions of the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive on the meaning of â€Å"worker† within the said act, the Arbitrator should have brought recourse in interpretation before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The conditions for such recourse, as provided in the Article 234, are that: there has to be an open case brought before a national form of jurisdiction that has to request the Court, asking for the interpretation of an act of one of the institutions of the Communities. Because the Arbitrator did not open such recourse before the Court of Justice of the European Communities, Sonja has grounds for dismissal of his decision in front of a higher Finnish court of law through an extraordinary procedure. The dismissal can be decided only on procedural issues and not on the merits of the case because the decisions of the Arbitrator are not subject to appeal. In general, international jurisdictions are only competent to try states. They can not be used as a legal remedy by natural persons. However, the Court of Justice of the European Communities is accessible not only to the member states of the European Communities, but also, in very strict conditions to individuals, natural and legal persons. This provides Sonja with, yet, another alternative for her case. She can bring an annulment recourse before the Court. The annulment recourse is the possibility of the states, institutions of the Communities and natural and legal persons to challenge in front of the Court   a mandatory act issued either by the Council or by the Commission, and to be granted in certain conditions the annulment of the act. This is a way to control EU acts and their conformity with the instituting treaties. The provisions of the Rome Treaties show that there can be subjected to this form of recourse acts that are mandatory like directives and regulations, and in certain situations even decisions.   Article 230[2] (ex Article 173) of the consolidated Treaty establishing the European Community provides that: â€Å"The Court of Justice shall review the legality of acts adopted jointly by the European Parliament and the Council, of acts of the Council, of the Commission and of the ECB, other than recommendations and opinions, and of acts of the European Parliament intended to produce legal effects vis-à  -vis third parties. It shall for this purpose have jurisdiction in actions brought by a Member State, the European Parliament, the Council or the Commission on grounds of lack of competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement of this Treaty or of any rule of law relating to its application, or misuse of powers. The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction under the same conditions in actions brought by the European Parliament, by the Court of Auditors and by the ECB for the purpose of protecting their prerogatives. Any natural or legal person may, under the same conditions, institute proceedings against a decision addressed to that person or against a decision which, although in the form of a regulation or a decision addressed to another person, is of direct and individual concern to the former. [†¦]† Usually, individuals are allowed to bring actions before the Court only in reference to regulations which directly apply to them and directly breach their rights. However, proceedings can be brought regarding a directive in situations in which it has the same effects on the individual.   The â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive directly infringes Sonja’s right to adequate protection for the type of labour she is doing and for the conditions in which she works by limiting the notion of â€Å"worker† to which it applies. With this limitation the Directive breaches the substantial provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community. Regarding work, Article 13 of the Treaty provides that: â€Å"1.     Without prejudice to the other provisions of this Treaty and within the limits of the powers conferred by it upon the Community, the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, may take appropriate action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.†[3] Therefore the principle of the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of age is laid down by an instituting treaty. It bears no difference that Sonja is only sixteen. She should not be discriminated against for this reason and not be considered as a â€Å"worker† under the Directive. The term â€Å"worker† is also described in many EU acts, including in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The notion is wide and non-discriminatory, especially when considering a persons rights or the breach of these rights. â€Å"26. In accordance with the Court’s case-law, the concept of worker, within the meaning of Article 48 of the Treaty and of Regulation No 1612/68, has a specific Community meaning and must not be interpreted narrowly. Any person who pursues activities which are real and genuine, to the exclusion of activities on such a small scale as to be regarded as purely marginal and ancillary, must be regarded as a worker. The essential feature of an employment relationship is, according to that case-law, that for a certain period of time a person performs services for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration[4]† Moreover, the restriction on the term â€Å"worker† is in direct violation with the Directive No. 33 of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work which applies to persons under 18 and provides that they should have suitable work conditions, â€Å"measures necessary to protect the safety and health of young people[5]†. In conclusion, the limitation of the notion of â€Å"worker† from the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive that prevents Sonja, because of her age and because she is a temporary worker to benefit from the proper work protection, is in direct violation of the instituting treaties, the principles on which the EU is based, the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and basic human rights. This provides Sonja, although she is a natural person, with the active legal quality to bring recourse in annulment before the Court due to what she has suffered from the effects of this act. Part B The joined cases of Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard were brought before the Court of Justice of the European Communities as a reference under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty[6] by the Tribunal de Grande Instance (Regional Court) from Strasbourg (France), for a preliminary ruling in the criminal proceedings pending before the tribunal against the two. The Tribunal de Grande Instance has asked the Court of Justice of the European Communities to give an interpretation of the rules of the EEC Treaty relating to competition and freedom of movement within the Community. The Court has found that â€Å"Article 30 of the EEC Treaty is to be interpreted as not applying to legislation of a Member State imposing a general prohibition on resale at a loss†[7]. In the decisions of Keck and Mithouard the Court institutes certain principles regarding the measures that can be taken by states. Such a principle is the one stating that: â€Å"national measures which limit or prohibit ‘certain sales practices’ do not fall within the scope of Article 30[8], so long as they are applied to all those operating within the national territory and that they affect in exactly the same way, both in law and in practice, the marketing of national products and those originating from other Member States†[9]. The Court of Justice of the European Communities has subsequently interpreted the decisions in the cases of Keck and Mithouard on the matter of advertising, especially the vague formulation: â€Å"selling arrangements†. The decisions were applied and interpreted in connection to the way producers are able to market their goods and to the marketing strategies used by them. However, the two cases were exceptional interpretations of the Article 28, due to the circumstances and should have been regarded as such. On the contrary, this interpretation was widely extended by the Court. The extension has brought about the possibility of member states to impose certain restrictions in advertising. These restrictions were thought by the Court to be outside the scope of Article 28. Such measures cover fields like: â€Å"TV advertising and sponsorship of programmes aimed at children below the age of 12 being prohibited[10]† in Sweden, the advertising of toys in Greece which is time restricted, banns referring to certain kinds of toys in Germany and Denmark and so on. Goods that are considered â€Å"sensitive† are also subjected to banns even at an EU level. As an example there is the ‘Television Without Frontiers’ (TVWF) Directive in which there is stated that children should not have easy access to advertising for goods such as cigarettes and alcohol. Cases were brought before the Court with regards to such measures. Some decisions given by the Court find basis on its previous Keck and Mithouard decisions: â€Å"With respect to the free movement of goods (Article 30) the Court recognised that the ban on advertising could affect the free movement of the products advertised. It then referred to the Keck-Mithouard jurisprudence and ruled that a Member State could apply such restrictions if they were shown to affect in the same way, ‘in law and in fact’, the marketing of domestic products and of those from other Member States; were necessary for meeting overriding requirements of general public importance or one of the aims laid down in Article 36 of the EC Treaty; were proportionate for that purpose and that those aims could not be met by less restrictive measures†[11].   In conclusion, bans of advertising are considered to be in accordance with the Article 28 when they affect in the same way the marketing of the domestic products and that of the products from other Member States, they are necessary for requirements of general public importance and when less restrictive measures could not have been applied. Thus, the Court institutes the principle of proportionality that applies even if the ban has more serious effects on goods coming from other states than on national ones. Any state restrictions of the â€Å"selling arrangements†Ã‚   automatically affect access to the market contrary to what the Court has considered in the cases of Keck and Mithouard.   It is of course true that such restrictions provided in a non-discriminatory way do not infringe of the free movement of goods, but they do affect trade. Measures taken by states have to be â€Å"uncertain† and â€Å"indirect†, for them to fall outside the scope of the Article 28 and be regarded as breaches of the free movement of goods. The Keck case institutes a kind of presumption that certain measures taken by states, that fall under a certain category should be regarded as â€Å"uncertain† and â€Å"indirect† and therefore outside the scope of Article 28. This presumption is damaging in some cases. The measures should be analyzed according to the merits of each individual case and the effects they have in that particular case. Therefore, I believe that the cases of Keck and Mithouard affect the balance between state responsibilities and the free movement of goods. Bibliography: Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (2002), Official Journal C325, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/12002E.html Brian Francis Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (23 March 2004); Judgment of the Court (Full Court);Case C-138/02; European Court reports 2004 Page I-02703, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/Notice.do?val=287581:cs&lang=en&list=391912:cs,287581:cs,341893:cs,287498:cs,278038:cs,277710:cs,269338:cs,264078:cs,250808:cs,247148:cs,&pos=2&page=1&nbl=18&pgs=10&hwords=work~worker~&checktexte=checkbox&visu=#texte Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (24 November 1993); Judgment of the Court;   Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91, European Court reports 1993 Page I-06097, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61991J0267:EN:HTML#DI    Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work, Official Journal L 216 , 20/08/1994 P. 0012 – 0020,   Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31994L0033:EN:HTML Lolivier, Marc (January 1998), The De Agostini ruling and advertising regulation, Commercial Comunications Newsletter, Edition 10,   Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/comcom/newsletter/edition10/page04_en.htm Stanbrook, Lionel ( October 1997), Children’s advertising, consumer protection and the country of origin principle, Commercial Comunications Newsletter, Edition 09, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/comcom/newsletter/edition09/page18_en.htm Statute of the Court of Justice (November 2005), Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://curia.eu.int/en/instit/txtdocfr/txtsenvigueur/statut.pdf Þorvaldsson,   Bjà ¶rn (2002), Keck and Mithouard,   Master Thesis, Master of European Affairs Programe, Law, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.jur.lu.se/Internet/english/essay/Masterth.nsf/0/585A26471860B6F6C1256BCD00730AAF/$File/xsmall.pdf?OpenElement Mollers, Thomas M.J. (February 2005), EuGH, Rs. C-405/98 v. 8.3.2001 – Gourmet International Products, Faculty of Law, Augsburg University, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.jura.uni-augsburg.de/prof/moellers/materialien/materialdateien/050_eugh_entscheidungen/eugh_1998_405_gourmet_international_products_en/ Competitive Federalism and Market Access in the EU, Jean Monet Center, NYU School of Law, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/01/012701-04.html [1]   Treaty establishing the European Community, Art. 234 [2] idem, Art 230 [3] idem, Art. 13 [4] Brian Francis Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (23 March 2004) [5] Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work. [6] Treaty establishing the European Community, ex Article 177 [7]Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (24 November 1993) [8] in the consolidated Treaty the number of the article has become 28 and it will be referred to accordingly [9] Lolivier, Marc (January 1998), op. cit. [10] Stanbrook, Lionel (October 1997), op. cit. [11] idem